Table 1.
Characteristics of participants overall and by sex over three waves of data collection.
| Overall N = 1563 Obs = 4402 n % |
Female N = 906 Obs = 2530 n % |
Male N = 657 Obs = 1872 n % |
p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) [range] | 15.29 (3.23) [10–24] | 15.78 (3.39) [10–24] | 14.63 (2.88) [10–23] | < .001 |
| Living with HIV | 3086 (70) | 1738 (69) | 1348 (72) | 0.743 |
| Rural location | 1132 (26) | 688 (27) | 444 (24) | 0.088 |
| Informal housing | 639 (15) | 412 (16) | 227 (12) | 0.003 |
| Maternal orphan | 1796 (41) | 983 (39) | 813 (43) | 0.511 |
| Paternal orphan | 1518 (34) | 836 (33) | 682 (36) | 0.053 |
| Household size, mean (SD) [range] | 6.39 (3.00) [1–19] | 6.51 (3.01) [1–19] | 6.22 (2.97) [1–19] | 0.022 |
| Structural factors | ||||
| Number of social grants, mean (SD) [range] | 3.16 (2.21) [0–10] | 3.23 (2.23) [0–10] | 3.07 (2.16) [0–10] | 0.833 |
| (Between SD) | (1.88) | (1.92) | (1.83) | |
| (Within SD) | (1.30) | (1.34) | (1.25) | |
| Positive caregiving, mean (SD) [range] | 18.93 (5.24) [0–24] | 18.95 (5.39) [0–24] | 18.89 (5.04) [0–24] | 0.778 |
| (Between SD) | (3.58) | (3.78) | (3.30) | |
| (Within SD) | (3.92) | (3.96) | (3.86) | |
| Caregiver supervision, mean (SD) [range] | 33.74 (7.79) [0–40] | 33.98 (7.70) [0–40] | 33.41 (7.89) [0–40] | 0.052 |
| (Between SD) | (5.63) | (5.77) | (5.43) | |
| (Within SD) | (5.53) | (5.29) | (5.85) | |
| Adolescent-caregiver communication, mean (SD) [range] | 7.24 (2.77) [0–20] | 7.21 (2.87) [0–20] | 7.28 (2.61) [0–20] | 0.220 |
| (Between SD) | (1.81) | (1.91) | (1.68) | |
| (Within SD) | (2.14) | (2.22) | (2.03) | |
| Education enrolment | 3817 (87) | 2040 (84) | 1767 (94) | < .001 |
| (Between SD) | (0.30) | (0.36) | (0.19) | |
| (Within SD) | (0.22) | (0.25) | (0.17) | |
| Days with enough food at home last week, mean (SD) [range] | 6.53 (1.07) [0–7] | 6.46 (1.14) [0–7] | 6.62 (0.97) [0–7] | < .001 |
| (Between SD) | (0.76) | (0.82) | (0.67) | |
| (Within SD) | (0.77) | (0.81) | (0.70) | |
| Sexual practices | ||||
| Sexual debut | 1516 (34) | 1035 (41) | 481 (26) | < .001 |
| Multiple sexual partnersb | 625 (14) | 346 (14) | 279 (15) | 0.481 |
| Transactional sexc | 224 (5) | 161 (6) | 63 (3) | < .001 |
| Age-disparate sexd | 238 (5) | 182 (7) | 56 (3) | < .001 |
| Condomless sexb | 758 (17) | 561 (22) | 197 (11) | < .001 |
| Sex on substancese | 202 (5) | 103 (4) | 99 (5) | 0.156 |
1519 participants were first interviewed at wave one of data collection, and 44 participants were first interviewed at wave two of data collection.
a
Estimated from univariable random effects regression to account for clustered nature of data.
b
42 observations missing data.
c
56 observations missing data.
d
120 observations missing data.
e
1561 observations missing data upon entry into the study as sex on substances was only measured at waves two and three.
Abbreviations: Obs, observations; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.