[Preprint]. 2023 Feb 7:rs.3.rs-2164051. [Version 1] doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2164051/v1

Table 2.

Multivariable associations between hypothesised structural factors and HIV risk practices in female and males. N = 1563, Observations = 4402.

	Multiple sexual partners			Transactional sex			Age-disparate sex			Condomless sex			Sex on substances^a

	Model 1		Model 2	Model 1		Model 2	Model 1		Model 2	Model 1		Model 2	Model 1		Model 2
	aOR (95%CI)	p^c	aOR (95%CI); p^d	aOR (95%CI)	p^c	aOR (95%CI); p^d	aOR (95%CI)	p^c	aOR (95%CI); p^d	aOR (95%CI)	p^c	aOR (95%CI); p^d	aOR (95%CI)	p^c	aOR (95%CI); p^d
Female
Household-level factors ^b
Number of social grants
Between	1.00 (0.85–1.18)	0.915		0.98 (0.82–1.17)	0.952		0.96 (0.79–1.16)	0.129		1.10 (0.96–1.24)	0.862		0.95 (0.74–1.23)	0.174
Within	0.99 (0.86–1.14)			0.99 (0.83–1.18)			1.15 (0.96–1.37)			1.08 (0.97–1.21)			0.75 (0.56–1.01)
Combined			0.99 (0.88–1.12); 0.871			0.99 (0.86–1.14); 0.875			1.06 (0.91–1.22); 0.466			1.09 (0.99–1.20); 0.070			0.87 (0.70–1.07); 0.189
Positive caregiving
Between	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	0.237		0.93 (0.88–0.98)	0.628		0.95 (0.89–1.01)	0.632		1.01 (0.96–1.05)	0.575		1.03 (0.96–1.11)	0.732
Within	0.97 (0.93–1.00)			0.95 (0.90–0.99)			0.96 (0.92–1.01)			0.99 (0.96–1.02)			1.05 (0.97–1.14)
Combined			0.98 (0.95–1.01); 0.179			0.94 (0.91–0.97); <.001			0.96 (0.92–0.99); 0.017			1.00 (0.97–1.02); 0.718			1.03 (0.98–1.09); 0.266
Caregiver supervision
Between	0.90 (0.86–0.93)	< .001	0.90 (0.86–0.93); <.001	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	0.224		0.94 (0.90–0.98)	0.139		0.94 (0.91–0.97)	< .001	0.94 (0.91–0.97); <.001	0.86 (0.81–0.91)	0.001	0.86 (0.80–0.91); <.001
Within	1.02 (0.99–1.04)		1.02 (0.99–1.04); 0.170	0.95 (0.93–0.98)			0.98 (0.95–1.01)			1.01 (0.99–1.03)		1.01 (0.99–1.03); 0.427	0.98 (0.93–1.02)		0.96 (0.92–1.00); 0.058
Combined						0.94 (0.92–0.96); <.001			0.97 (0.94–0.99); 0.005
Adolescent-caregiver communication
Between	0.94 (0.85–1.05)	0.378		1.11 (0.99–1.24)	0.662		0.93 (0.83–1.05)	0.343		1.01 (0.93–1.09)	0.437		0.95 (0.82–1.10)	0.601
Within	1.00 (0.94–1.07)			1.08 (0.99–1.17)			1.00 (0.92–1.08)			0.97 (0.92–1.02)			0.90 (0.78–1.03)
Combined			0.98 (0.93–1.04); 0.543			1.09 (1.02–1.16); 0.014			0.98 (0.92–1.04); 0.507			0.98 (0.94–1.02); 0.401			0.93 (0.84–1.02); 0.136
Variance components
Intercept	2.52		2.52	1.10		1.11	2.10		2.05	1.59		1.59	3.43		3.16
Goodness of fit
AUC	0.96		0.96	0.93		0.93	0.96		0.96	0.93		0.93	0.99		0.98
Individual-level factors
Education enrolment
Between	1.34 (0.76–2.37)	0.536		1.48 (0.85–2.58)	0.293		0.40 (0.21–0.77)	0.241		0.36 (0.23–0.56)	< .001	0.40 (0.23–0.69); <.001	0.79 (0.31–1.97)	0.940
Within	1.70 (1.05–2.76)			2.29 (1.21–4.30)			0.69 (0.37–1.31)			1.23 (0.81–1.87)		0.94 (0.57–1.54); 0.797	0.83 (0.26–2.68)
Combined			1.07 (0.68–1.68); 0.763			1.45 (0.85–2.46); 0.168			0.44 (0.26–0.74); 0.002						0.81 (0.39–1.68); 0.567
Days with three meals
Between	0.90 (0.73–1.10)	0.902		0.75 (0.62–0.90)	0.479		1.09 (0.85–1.39)	0.741		0.87 (0.75–1.02)	0.067		0.98 (0.67–1.45)	0.648
Within	0.91 (0.79–1.05)			0.82 (0.70–0.96)			1.14 (0.93–1.40)			1.04 (0.93–1.17)		1.10 (0.96–1.26); 0.186	0.87 (0.60–1.25)
Combined			0.84 (0.73–0.96); 0.009			0.78 (0.68–0.90); <.001			1.15 (0.95–1.38); 0.145						0.92 (0.71–1.19); 0.523
Variance components
Intercept	2.68		2.61	0.69		1.15	2.04		2.13	1.33		1.53	3.32		3.33
Goodness of fit
AUC	0.96		0.96	0.94		0.94	0.96		0.96	0.93		0.93	0.98		0.99
Male
Household factors ^b
Number of social grants
Between	1.06 (0.87–1.29)	0.939		1.04 (0.84–1.29)	0.878		0.98 (0.75–1.28)	0.719		1.07 (0.92–1.23)	0.762		1.02 (0.80–1.30)	0.681
Within	1.05 (0.89–1.23)			1.02 (0.81–1.28)			0.92 (0.70–1.20)			1.10 (0.95–1.27)			1.10 (0.84–1.43)
Combined			1.05 (0.92–1.20); 0.449			1.03 (0.87–1.22); 0.697			0.95 (0.77–1.16); 0.623			1.08 (0.97–1.21); 0.141			1.05 (0.87–1.27); 0.602
Positive caregiving
Between	1.02 (0.93–1.11)	0.752		0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.258		1.03 (0.91–1.16)	0.711		1.05 (0.99–1.12)	0.626		1.06 (0.96–1.18)	0.848
Within	1.00 (0.95–1.05)			0.92 (0.86–0.99)			1.00 (0.93–1.08)			1.07 (1.02–1.12)			1.05 (0.97–1.14)
Combined			1.00 (0.96–1.05); 0.854			0.95 (0.90–1.00); 0.041			1.01 (0.95–1.08); 0.759			1.06 (1.02–1.10); 0.001			1.05 (0.98–1.12); 0.137
Caregiver supervision
Between	0.91 (0.87–0.96)	0.439		0.92 (0.88–0.97)	0.392		0.94 (0.88–1.00)	0.882		0.97 (0.94–1.01)	0.344		0.89 (0.83–0.95)	0.225
Within	0.93 (0.91–0.96)			0.95 (0.91–0.99)			0.95 (0.90–0.99)			1.00 (0.97–1.02)			0.94 (0.89–0.99)
Combined			0.93 (0.90–0.95); <.001			0.94 (0.91–0.97); <.001			0.94 (0.91–0.98); 0.003			0.99 (0.97–1.01); 0.253			0.92 (0.88–0.96); <.001
Adolescent-caregiver communication
Between	1.04 (0.91–1.20)	0.987		1.06 (0.92–1.22)	0.620		0.90 (0.74–1.10)	0.348		0.96 (0.87–1.06)	0.998		0.98 (0.83–1.16)	0.590
Within	1.04 (0.96–1.13)			1.01 (0.90–1.14)			1.01 (0.88–1.15)			0.96 (0.89–1.04)			0.92 (0.79–1.07)
Combined			1.04 (0.97–1.12); 0.277			1.04 (0.95–1.14); 0.430			0.98 (0.88–1.09); 0.661			0.96 (0.90–1.02); 0.193			0.95 (0.85–1.06); 0.353
Variance components
Intercept	2.67		2.66	0.00		0.00	1.68		1.71	0.60		0.63	3.36		3.26
Goodness of fit
AUC	0.97		0.97	0.86		0.86	0.96		0.96	0.87		0.88	0.98		0.98
Individual factors
Education enrolment
Between	1.09 (0.32–3.76)	0.395		6.24 (1.45–26.89)	0.852		1.85 (0.33–10.30)	0.784		0.68 (0.27–1.73)	0.029	0.69 (0.28–1.75); 0.438	2.46 (0.68–8.82)	0.126
Within	2.12 (0.85–5.29)			5.24 (1.32–20.78)			1.34 (0.34–5.22)			2.78 (1.18–6.59)		2.78 (1.18–6.58); 0.020	0.52 (0.12–2.26)
Combined			1.68 (0.80–3.53); 0.168			5.56 (1.91–16.24); 0.002			1.52 (0.56–4.12); 0.410						1.27 (0.50–3.22); 0.619
Days with three meals
Within	1.03 (0.71–1.50)	0.987		0.71 (0.51–0.98)	0.511		1.01 (0.61–1.67)	0.790		1.11 (0.84–1.47)	0.264		1.08 (0.68–1.70)	0.849
Between	1.03 (0.78–1.35)			0.83 (0.60–1.15)			1.10 (0.69–1.76)			0.90 (0.70–1.15)			1.01 (0.63–1.63)
Combined			1.03 (0.82–1.29); 0.823			0.77 (0.62–0.96); 0.019			1.06 (0.75–1.51); 0.738			0.99 (0.82–1.18); 0.897			1.05 (0.76–1.46); 0.766
Variance components
Intercept	2.69		2.69	0.00		0.00	1.75		1.70	0.66		0.66	3.27		3.18
Goodness of fit
AUC	0.97		0.97	0.87		0.85	0.96		0.96	0.88		0.88	0.98		0.98

Coefficients for additional covariates are available in Table S7.

Sex on substances was only measured at wave two and wave three.

We did not adjust for education enrolment and days with three meals as we expected them to lie on the causal pathway between receipt of social grants and study outcomes.

Wald p-value for equality across pairs of within-person and between-person coefficients.

A significant p-value indicates that pairs of coefficients are different from one another.

Wald p-value for significance.

A significant p-value indicates that a coefficient is significantly different from 1.00. Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AUC, Area Under Curve.