Table 1.
Demographic and clinical description of the overall patient population and the three analysed subgroups
| Patient characteristics | Overall population | Ctrl group | AD group | AF group | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 23 | 8 | 7 | 8 | |
| Age (years) | 68.9 ± 9.8 | 66.1 ± 12.3 | 68.4 ± 9.8 | 72.3 ± 6.9 | 0.47 |
| Men, n (%) | 19 (82.6) | 7 (87.5) | 6 (85.7) | 6 (75) | 0.78 |
| Female, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.62 |
| LA enlargement grade | 2 (0.25–3) | 0 (0–0.5) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (1.5–3) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 60 (58–67.7) | 63.8 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 11.8 | 55.9 ± 13.7 | 0.34 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Aortic valve disease, n (%) | 17 (73.9) | 7 (87.5) | 5 (71.4) | 5 (62.5) | 0.51 |
| Mitral valve disease, n (%) | 7 (30.4) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (62.5) | 0.051 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.62 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.36 |
| Angina pectoris, n (%) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (25) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (12.5) | 0.41 |
| COPD, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (25) | 0.72 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 15 (65.2) | 4 (50) | 4 (57.1) | 7 (87.5) | 0.25 |
| Renal insufficiency, n (%) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.38 |
| Metabolic disease, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 0.35 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (25) | 0.78 |
| Intervention | |||||
| Isolated AVR, n (%) | 11 (47.8) | 5 (62.5) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (25) | 0.27 |
| Isolated MVR, n (%) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.62 |
| Combined AVR and CABG, n (%) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (25) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (12.5) | 0.72 |
| Combined MVR and CABG, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (25) | 0.33 |
| Combined AVR and CABG, n (%) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 0.13 |
The three patient groups correspond to control patients (Ctrl), patients with atrial dilatation (AD), and patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Data are numbers (n) and percentages (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), as pertinent. Statistical differences among subgroups were consistently assessed by Pearson’s χ2, ANOVA, or Kruskal–Wallis tests.
AVR, aortic valve replacement; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction; MVR, mitral valve replacement.