Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by initial diagnosis
| AF before HF (A) | Concurrently AF and HF (B) | HF before AF (C) | A vs. C | B vs. C | A vs. B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 19 493 | 16 193 | 13 356 | |||
| Age [median (Q1, Q3)] | 77 (70, 83) | 75 (66, 82) | 76 (69, 83) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 11651 (59.8) | 9877 (61.0) | 8211 (61.5) | 0.002 | 0.404 | 0.019 |
| Disease duration [median days (Q1, Q3)] | 1309 (382, 2851) | 0 (0, 0) | 1372 (416, 2770) | 0.506 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 7080 (36.3) | 4177 (25.8) | 6646 (49.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 4043 (20.7) | 2319 (14.3) | 3508 (26.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1708 (8.8) | 830 (5.1) | 1677 (12.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 17 791 (91.3) | 14 308 (88.4) | 12 208 (91.4) | 0.682 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 3835 (19.7) | 2248 (13.9) | 3135 (23.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc, category (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 212 (1.1) | 351 (2.2) | 96 (0.7) | |||
| 2 | 1935 (9.9) | 2606 (16.1) | 1344 (10.1) | |||
| 3 | 3817 (19.6) | 3692 (22.8) | 2771 (20.7) | |||
| ≥4 | 13 529 (69.4) | 9544 (58.9) | 9145 (68.5) | |||
| Medication | ||||||
| Thiazide, n (%) | 5137 (26.4) | 3999 (24.7) | 2585 (19.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 5001 (25.7) | 3842 (23.7) | 4657 (34.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 14 800 (75.9) | 11 887 (73.4) | 10 427 (78.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 14 501 (74.4) | 11 995 (74.1) | 9793 (73.3) | 0.031 | 0.147 | 0.505 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 7394 (37.9) | 4750 (29.3) | 3907 (29.3) | <0.001 | 0.889 | <0.001 |
| Renin–angiotensin blocker, n (%) | 13 208 (67.8) | 11 382 (70.3) | 10 005 (74.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Verapamil, n (%) | 2252 (11.6) | 738 (4.6) | 603 (4.5) | <0.001 | 0.883 | <0.001 |
| Amiodarone, (%) | 2373 (12.2) | 1751 (10.8) | 1458 (10.9) | 0.001 | 0.791 | <0.001 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 9116 (46.8) | 7343 (45.3) | 4668 (35.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
| Oral anticoagulants, n (%) | 14 552 (74.7) | 10 351 (63.9) | 7403 (55.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dabigatran, n (%) | 1397 (7.2) | 1165 (7.2) | 664 (5.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.936 |
| Rivaroxaban, n (%) | 885 (4.5) | 950 (5.9) | 614 (4.6) | 0.828 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Apixaban, n (%) | 920 (4.7) | 1024 (6.3) | 710 (5.3) | 0.016 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Warfarin, n (%) | 11 517 (59.1) | 7426 (45.9) | 5501 (41.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Procedure | ||||||
| ICD, n (%) | 434 (2.2) | 121 (0.7) | 1074 (8.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention, n (%) | 2176 (11.2) | 1315 (8.1) | 2642 (19.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| By-pass surgery, n (%) | 1750 (9.0) | 820 (5.1) | 1839 (13.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.