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. 2023 Jan 2;42(3):260–270. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003804

TABLE 9.

Correlates of Full Immunization, Partial Immunization, and no Immunization

Full immunization Partial Immunization No immunization
Univariate Multivariable Univariate Multivariable Univariate Multivariable
OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value
Sex of child
 Male Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Female 1.02 (0.98–1.07) 0.338 0.99 (0.95–1.04) 0.722 0.95 (0.89–1.01) 0.117
Residence
 Rural Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Urban 1.02 (0.93–1.11) 0.719 1.29 (1.17–1.41) 0.000 1.52 (1.37–1.70) 0.000 0.39 (0.34–0.46) 0.000
Maternal years of education
None Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
Primary (1–5) 2.37 (2.15–2.61) 0.000 1.22 (1.10–1.35) 0.000 0.58 (0.52–0.64) 0.000 0.87 (0.78–0.97) 0.011 0.21 (0.18–0.26) 0.000 0.66 (0.55–0.80) 0.000
Middle (6–8) 2.09 (1.86–2.35) 0.000 1.05 (0.93–1.19) 0.416 0.66 (0.58–0.75) 0.000 0.99 (0.87–1.13) 0.935 0.23 (0.19–0.27) 0.000 0.70 (0.56–0.87) 0.001
Secondary (9-10) 2.50 (2.28–2.74) 0.000 1.34 (1.21–1.49) 0.000 0.58 (0.53–0.64) 0.000 0.80 (0.72–0.89) 0.000 0.14 (0.11–0.16) 0.000 0.46 (0.38–0.55) 0.000
Higher (11 and above) 3.22 (2.86–3.63) 0.000 1.66 (1.46–1.90) 0.000 0.47 (0.41–0.53) 0.000 0.64 (0.56–0.73) 0.000 0.07 (0.06–0.09) 0.000 0.31 (0.24–0.40) 0.000
Paternal years of education
None Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
Primary (1-5) 1.85 (1.68–2.04) 0.000 1.05 (0.94–1.16) 0.390 0.71 (0.64–0.78) 0.000 0.98 (0.89–1.09) 0.749 0.33 (0.28–0.38) 0.000 0.94 (0.80–1.11) 0.481
Middle (6-8) 2.40 (2.17–2.66) 0.000 1.23 (1.09–1.38) 0.001 0.55 (0.50–0.63) 0.000 0.86 (0.76–0.97) 0.013 0.25 (0.22–0.29) 0.000 0.80 (0.66–0.94) 0.010
Secondary (9-10) 2.37 (2.19–2.56) 0.000 1.32 (1.20–1.44) 0.000 0.57 (0.53–0.63) 0.000 0.80 (0.73–0.88) 0.000 0.24 (0.21–0.27) 0.000 0.83 (0.71–0.98) 0.026
Higher (11 and above) 2.56 (2.33–2.81) 0.000 1.51 (1.35–1.68) 0.000 0.57 (0.52–0.63) 0.000 0.74 (0.66–0.82) 0.000 0.15 (0.13–0.18) 0.000 0.63 (0.53–0.76) 0.000
Wealth quintiles
Poorest Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
Poor 1.64 (1.48–1.81) 0.000 1.10 (1.00–1.22) 0.056 0.77 (0.70–0.84) 0.000 1.03 (0.94–1.14) 0.541 0.57 (0.51–0.65) 0.000 0.77 (0.67–0.88) 0.000
Middle 2.68 (2.42–2.96) 0.000 1.34 (1.21–1.49) 0.000 0.56 (0.50–0.62) 0.000 0.91 (0.82–1.02) 0.094 0.30 (0.26–0.35) 0.000 0.54 (0.47–0.62) 0.000
Rich 3.79 (3.39–4.23) 0.000 1.46 (1.30–1.64) 0.000 0.46 (0.42–0.52) 0.000 0.83 (0.74–0.93) 0.001 0.14 (0.12–0.16) 0.000 0.39 (0.33–0.46) 0.000
Richest 4.48 (4.03–4.99) 0.000 1.30 (1.16–1.47) 0.000 0.44 (0.40–0.49) 0.000 0.83 (0.72–0.95) 0.007 0.06 (0.05–0.07) 0.000 0.30 (0.24–0.37) 0.000
Province
BALOCHISTAN Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA 3.59 (3.18–4.06) 0.000 2.72 (2.40–3.08) 0.000 0.59 (0.51–0.67) 0.000 0.75 (0.65–0.86) 0.000 0.26 (0.23–0.30) 0.000 0.46 (0.40–0.53) 0.000
PUNJAB 14.82 (12.96–16.96) 0.000 10.82 (9.43–12.41) 0.000 0.23 (0.20–0.27) 0.000 0.29 (0.25–0.34) 0.000 0.01 (0.01–0.02) 0.000 0.03 (0.02–0.04) 0.000
SINDH 2.61 (2.33–2.92) 0.000 2.12 (1.89–2.38) 0.000 1.05 (0.93–1.19) 0.402 1.15 (1.01–1.31) 0.038 0.16 (0.14–0.19) 0.000 0.22 (0.19–0.26) 0.000
ISLAMABAD 4.04 (3.10–5.25) 0.000 2.35 (1.72–3.23) 0.000 0.79 (0.57–1.11) 0.178 1.16 (0.82–1.63) 0.400 0.07 (0.04–0.11) 0.697 0.22 (0.14–0.35) 0.000
GILGIT-BALTISTAN 4.55 (3.89–5.31) 0.000 3.36 (2.87–3.93) 0.000 0.66 (0.56–0.78) 0.000 0.87 (0.73–1.03) 0.106 0.09 (0.07–0.12) 0.000 0.13 (0.10–0.18) 0.000
AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR 13.18 (11.18–15.55) 0.000 8.46 (7.12–10.06) 0.000 0.26 (0.21–0.31) 0.000 0.37 (0.31–0.45) 0.000 0.02 (0.05–0.11) 0.000 0.09 (0.03–0.07) 0.000
FATA (KP- NMD) 1.24 (1.03–1.50) 0.023 1.26 (1.03–1.51) 0.021 0.67 (0.54–0.83) 0.000 0.73 (0.58–0.91) 0.005 1.13 (0.92–1.39) 0.000 1.12 (0.90–1.39) 0.310

Included children from AJK and GB.

Multivariable outcomes with p values smaller than 0.05 appear in bold font.

AJK, Azad Jammu & Kashmir; GB, Gilgit Baltistan; KP, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; FATA, Federally Administered Tribal Areas; KP-NMD, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s newly merged districts; OR, odds ratio.