TABLE 9.
Correlates of Full Immunization, Partial Immunization, and no Immunization
| Full immunization | Partial Immunization | No immunization | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariable | Univariate | Multivariable | Univariate | Multivariable | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex of child | ||||||||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
| Female | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.338 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.722 | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.117 | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Urban | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.719 | 1.29 (1.17–1.41) | 0.000 | 1.52 (1.37–1.70) | 0.000 | 0.39 (0.34–0.46) | 0.000 | ||||
| Maternal years of education | ||||||||||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Primary (1–5) | 2.37 (2.15–2.61) | 0.000 | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.52–0.64) | 0.000 | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0.011 | 0.21 (0.18–0.26) | 0.000 | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.000 |
| Middle (6–8) | 2.09 (1.86–2.35) | 0.000 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.416 | 0.66 (0.58–0.75) | 0.000 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.935 | 0.23 (0.19–0.27) | 0.000 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.001 |
| Secondary (9-10) | 2.50 (2.28–2.74) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.53–0.64) | 0.000 | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | 0.000 | 0.14 (0.11–0.16) | 0.000 | 0.46 (0.38–0.55) | 0.000 |
| Higher (11 and above) | 3.22 (2.86–3.63) | 0.000 | 1.66 (1.46–1.90) | 0.000 | 0.47 (0.41–0.53) | 0.000 | 0.64 (0.56–0.73) | 0.000 | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.000 | 0.31 (0.24–0.40) | 0.000 |
| Paternal years of education | ||||||||||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Primary (1-5) | 1.85 (1.68–2.04) | 0.000 | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 0.390 | 0.71 (0.64–0.78) | 0.000 | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.749 | 0.33 (0.28–0.38) | 0.000 | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 0.481 |
| Middle (6-8) | 2.40 (2.17–2.66) | 0.000 | 1.23 (1.09–1.38) | 0.001 | 0.55 (0.50–0.63) | 0.000 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.013 | 0.25 (0.22–0.29) | 0.000 | 0.80 (0.66–0.94) | 0.010 |
| Secondary (9-10) | 2.37 (2.19–2.56) | 0.000 | 1.32 (1.20–1.44) | 0.000 | 0.57 (0.53–0.63) | 0.000 | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.000 | 0.24 (0.21–0.27) | 0.000 | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.026 |
| Higher (11 and above) | 2.56 (2.33–2.81) | 0.000 | 1.51 (1.35–1.68) | 0.000 | 0.57 (0.52–0.63) | 0.000 | 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | 0.000 | 0.15 (0.13–0.18) | 0.000 | 0.63 (0.53–0.76) | 0.000 |
| Wealth quintiles | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Poor | 1.64 (1.48–1.81) | 0.000 | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | 0.056 | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | 0.000 | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 0.541 | 0.57 (0.51–0.65) | 0.000 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.000 |
| Middle | 2.68 (2.42–2.96) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | 0.000 | 0.56 (0.50–0.62) | 0.000 | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.094 | 0.30 (0.26–0.35) | 0.000 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) | 0.000 |
| Rich | 3.79 (3.39–4.23) | 0.000 | 1.46 (1.30–1.64) | 0.000 | 0.46 (0.42–0.52) | 0.000 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.001 | 0.14 (0.12–0.16) | 0.000 | 0.39 (0.33–0.46) | 0.000 |
| Richest | 4.48 (4.03–4.99) | 0.000 | 1.30 (1.16–1.47) | 0.000 | 0.44 (0.40–0.49) | 0.000 | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.007 | 0.06 (0.05–0.07) | 0.000 | 0.30 (0.24–0.37) | 0.000 |
| Province | ||||||||||||
| BALOCHISTAN | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA | 3.59 (3.18–4.06) | 0.000 | 2.72 (2.40–3.08) | 0.000 | 0.59 (0.51–0.67) | 0.000 | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | 0.000 | 0.26 (0.23–0.30) | 0.000 | 0.46 (0.40–0.53) | 0.000 |
| PUNJAB | 14.82 (12.96–16.96) | 0.000 | 10.82 (9.43–12.41) | 0.000 | 0.23 (0.20–0.27) | 0.000 | 0.29 (0.25–0.34) | 0.000 | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.000 | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.000 |
| SINDH | 2.61 (2.33–2.92) | 0.000 | 2.12 (1.89–2.38) | 0.000 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.402 | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.038 | 0.16 (0.14–0.19) | 0.000 | 0.22 (0.19–0.26) | 0.000 |
| ISLAMABAD | 4.04 (3.10–5.25) | 0.000 | 2.35 (1.72–3.23) | 0.000 | 0.79 (0.57–1.11) | 0.178 | 1.16 (0.82–1.63) | 0.400 | 0.07 (0.04–0.11) | 0.697 | 0.22 (0.14–0.35) | 0.000 |
| GILGIT-BALTISTAN | 4.55 (3.89–5.31) | 0.000 | 3.36 (2.87–3.93) | 0.000 | 0.66 (0.56–0.78) | 0.000 | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.106 | 0.09 (0.07–0.12) | 0.000 | 0.13 (0.10–0.18) | 0.000 |
| AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR | 13.18 (11.18–15.55) | 0.000 | 8.46 (7.12–10.06) | 0.000 | 0.26 (0.21–0.31) | 0.000 | 0.37 (0.31–0.45) | 0.000 | 0.02 (0.05–0.11) | 0.000 | 0.09 (0.03–0.07) | 0.000 |
| FATA (KP- NMD) | 1.24 (1.03–1.50) | 0.023 | 1.26 (1.03–1.51) | 0.021 | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | 0.000 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.005 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.000 | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 0.310 |
Included children from AJK and GB.
Multivariable outcomes with p values smaller than 0.05 appear in bold font.
AJK, Azad Jammu & Kashmir; GB, Gilgit Baltistan; KP, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; FATA, Federally Administered Tribal Areas; KP-NMD, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s newly merged districts; OR, odds ratio.