Table 3.

Protein and lipid markers associated with progression to T1D.

Authors	Year	Type of participants	Protein and lipid markers
Sen et al., ( 30 )	2020	IAb+ progressors to T1D vs. non-progressors	↓Lipid levels in PBMCs including phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, ceramides, cholesterol esters, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines and triacylglycerols
Garavelli et al., ( 16 )	2020	ROT1D vs. healthy controls	↑soluble leptin receptor, ↑Osteoprotegerin ↓Myeloperoxidase
Lamichhane et al., ( 23 )	2018	IAb+ progressors to T1D, IAb+ non-progressors and IAb-	↓Plasma lipid levels including sphingomyelins, triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines in progressors
Von Toerne et al., ( 35 )	2017	IAb+ vs. IAb-	26 serum proteins differed with ↑APOM and ↓APOC4 best discriminating IAb+ Hepatocyte growth factor activator (↑, complement factor H (↑ and ceruloplasmin (↓predicted shorter time to T1D progression
Pflueger et al., ( 27 )	2011	IAb+ vs. IAb-	↓Amino acid metabolites: Methionine and hydroxyproline ↑Lipid levels: polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholines, specific triacylglycerols

IAb, islet autoantibodies; ROT1D, recent-onset type 1 diabetes.