TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of the included literature.
| First author | Year | Country | Age (T/C) | Cases (T/C) | Intervention cycle (week) | Intervention frequency (times/week) | Intervention time (min/times) | Specific measures | Control group content | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vivas et al. (2011) | 2011 | Spain | 65.67 ± 3.67/68.33 ± 6.92 | 5/6 | 4 | 2 | 45 | Environmental requirements: water depth 1.3 m, water temperature 32 °C; aquatic exercise: warm up, 10 min (water walking and floating training), water training for 35 min (trunk movement for 15 min, postural stability for 10 min, self-transfer exercise for 10 min) | Land drill | 1, 2, 3 |
| Volpe et al. (2014) | 2014 | Italy | 68.00 ± 7.00/66.00 ± 8.00 | 17/17 | 8 | 5 | 60 | Aquatic exercise: warm up for 10 min, water balance training for 40 min, relaxation for 10 min | Land drill | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Carroll et al. (2017) | 2017 | Ireland | 69.50 ± 1.75/74.00 ± 6.01 | 10/8 | 6 | 2 | 45 | Environmental requirements: water depth 0.6–1.3 m, water temperature 32 °C; aquatic exercise + routine treatment: warm up for 10 min (aerobic exercise, stretching exercise), gait training for 20 min, strength training for 10 min, relaxation activity for 5 min | Routine treatment | 3, 4 |
| Palamara et al. (2017) | 2017 | Italy | 70.90 ± 5.70/70.80 ± 5.30 | 17/17 | 4 | 3 | 60 | Environmental requirements: water temperature 33–34 °C; MIRT + aquatic exercise: warm up for 10 min, water training for 30–45 min (trunk movement training, dynamic and static exercises, balance training), relaxation activity for 5–10 min | MIRT + land drill | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| de la Cruz (2017) | 2018 | Spain | 66.80 ± 5.27/67.53 ± 9.89 | 15/15 | 11 | 2 | 45 | Environmental requirements: water depth 1.1 m, water temperature 30 °C; water Tai chi training: warm up, tai chi training for 35 min (torso rotation, standing balance, one leg balance), relaxation activities | Land drill | 1, 2, 3 |
| Volpe et al. (2017a) | 2017 | Italy | 70.60 ± 7.80/70.00 ± 7.80 | 15/15 | 8 | 5 | 60 | Aquatic exercise: warm up exercises, postural exercises (perturbation-based balance training), relaxation activities | Land drill | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Volpe et al. (2017b) | 2017 | Italy | 76.7 ± 4.0/78.4 ± 4.6 | 12/12 | 3 | 7 | 60 | Aquatic exercise: warm up for 10 min, walking for 40 min, relaxation for 10 min | Land drill | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Kurt et al. (2018) | 2018 | Turkey | 62.41 ± 6.76/63.61 ± 7.18 | 20/20 | 5 | 5 | 60 | Environmental requirements: water depth 1.2 m, water temperature 32 °C; aquatic exercise: warm up, Tai chi training, relaxation activities | Land drill | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Clerici et al. (2019) | 2019 | Italy | 67.00 ± 8.00/67.00 ± 11.00 | 27/25 | 4 | 3 | 60 | Environmental requirements: water temperature 33–34 °C; MIRT + aquatic exercise: warm up for 10 min, water training for 30 min (ankle and hip joint training, dynamic and static exercises, balance training), relaxation for 10 min | MIRT + land drill | 1, 2, 3 |
| da Silva and Israel (2019) | 2019 | Brazil | 63.12 ± 13.61/64.23 ± 13.45 | 14/11 | 10 | 2 | 60 | Aquatic exercise: measurement of physical signs for 10 min, water training for 50 min (walking exercise, rotation and dual task activities) | Blank control | 1, 2 |
The outcome indicators were the following: 1) the BBS; 2) TUGT; 3) UPDRS III; and 4) PDQ-39.