Table 2.

Statistics of the subgroup analyses

Subgroup	Number of measures	Std diff in means (95% CI)		p value	Q statistics
Sex
Male	12	− 0.601	(− 1.055 to − 0.147)	0.009*
Female	19	− 0.778	(− 1.047 to − 0.509)	< 0.001*
Mixed	21	− 0.763	(− 1.081 to − 0.444)	< 0.001*
Overall	52	− 0.742	(− 0.930 to − 0.555)	< 0.001*	(Q = 0.455; df (Q) = 2; p = 0.796)
Trained state
Trained and active	18	− 0.434	(− 0.655 to − 0.214)	< 0.001*
Untrained and sedentary	22	− 1.027	(− 1.374 to − 0.680)	< 0.001*
Overall	40	− 0.604	(− 0.790 to − 0.418)	< 0.001*	(Q = 7.974; df (Q) = 1; p = 0.005)#
Type of contraction
Eccentric	9	− 0.889	(− 1.376 to − 0.402)	< 0.001*
Concentric	42	− 0.715	(− 0.924 to − 0.507)	< 0.001*
Overall	51	− 0.742	(− 0.934 to − 0.551)	< 0.001*	(Q = 0.411; df (Q) = 1; p = 0.521)
Type of exercise
Body weight	4	− 0.232	(− 0.517 to 0.053)	0.111
Free weight	3	− 1.312	(− 2.494 to − 0.130)	0.03*
Machine	12	− 0.957	(− 1.343 to − 0.572)	< 0.001*
Mixed	12	− 0.523	(− 0.926 to − 0.119)	0.011*
Pilates	16	− 0.695	(− 1.034 to − 0.356)	< 0.001*
Resistance bands	4	− 1.125	(− 1.793 to -0.457)	0.001*
Overall	51	− 0.598	(− 0.762 to − 0.433)	< 0.001*	(Q = 13.4917; df (Q) = 5; p = 0.016)#
Joint tested
Elbow	5	− 0.530	(− 0.921 to − 0.138)	0.008*
Hip	13	− 0.685	(− 0.899 to − 0.471)	< 0.001*
Knee	13	− 1.021	(− 1.475 to − 0.567)	< 0.001*
Shoulder	15	− 0.706	(− 1.071 to − 0.341)	< 0.001*
Trunk	5	− 1.923	(− 3.222 to − 0.624)	0.004*
Trunk and hip	34	− 0.669	(− 0.901 to − 0.437)	< 0.001*
Overall	85	− 0.705	(− 0.835 to − 0.576)	< 0.001*	(Q = 6.136; df (Q) = 5; p = 0.293)

CI confidence interval, Std diff standardized difference, * significant difference within a group, # significant difference between groups