Table 4.

Individual standardised ESs for resistance training conditions across all studies in each ‘theme’ (A, B and C)

Theme	Condition	ES (95% CI)	p-value
A	Momentary muscular failure	0.41 (0.27, 0.55)	< 0.001
	Non-failure	0.37 (0.15, 0.58)	0.001
B	Set failure	0.46 (0.12, 0.80)	0.077
	Non-failure	0.32 (0.05, 0.60)	0.023
C	Low velocity loss (< 20%)	0.20 (− 0.02, 0.41)	0.072
	Moderate velocity loss (20–25%)	0.39 (0.09, 0.70)	0.010
	High velocity loss (> 25%)	0.42 (0.12, 0.71)	0.005

Data shown are presented as a standardised ES estimate (signifying the standardised mean difference for pre-intervention to post-intervention changes in muscle size for each resistance training condition) with 95% CI and associated p-value

ES effect size, CI confidence interval