Table 2.
Demographic, clinical and radiological characteristics of the patients collected.
| Variables | VAS < 3.5 | VAS ≥ 3.5 | X2/t | P-Value | Power calculation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.27 | 0.26 | 0.07 | ||
| ≤75 | 157 (76.2) | 20 (66.7) | |||
| >75 | 49 (23.8) | 10 (33.3) | |||
| Sex | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.05 | ||
| Female | 167 (81.1) | 26 (86.7) | |||
| Male | 39 (18.9) | 4 (13.3) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.80 | 0.31 | 0.06 | ||
| <24 | 72(35) | 8 (26.7) | |||
| ≥24 | 134 (65) | 22 (73.3) | |||
| BMD (T score) | 2.51 | 0.21 | 0.10 | ||
| <−2.5 | 53 (25.7) | 11 (36.7) | |||
| ≥−2.5 | 153 (74.3) | 19 (63.3) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.92 | 0.17 | 0.09 | ||
| Yes | 82 (39.8) | 8 (26.7) | |||
| No | 124 (60.2) | 22 (73.3) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 39 (18.9) | 6 (20) | |||
| No | 167 (81.1) | 24 (80) | |||
| COPD | 1.01 | 0.31 | 0.07 | ||
| Yes | 11 (5.3) | 3 (10) | |||
| No | 195 (94.7) | 27 (90) | |||
| Smoking | 1.17 | 0.31 | 0.07 | ||
| Yes | 27 (13.1) | 6 (20) | |||
| No | 179 (86.9) | 24 (80) | |||
| Depression | 6.10 | 0.01* | 0.16 | ||
| Yes | 31 (15) | 10 (33.3) | |||
| No | 175 (85) | 20 (66.7) | |||
| Time from pain to surgery | 1.46 | 0.23 | 0.08 | ||
| <6 weeks | 170 (82.5) | 22 (73.3) | |||
| ≥6 weeks | 36 (17.5) | 8 (26.7) | |||
| Segments location | 0.47 | 0.79 | 0.04 | ||
| T | 14 (6.8) | 2 (6.7) | |||
| TL | 170 (82.5) | 26 (86.7) | |||
| L | 22 (10.7) | 2 (6.7) | |||
| Intravertebral vacuum cleft | 14.12 | <0.01* | 0.24 | ||
| Yes | 19 (9.2) | 10 (33.3) | |||
| No | 187 (90.8) | 20 (66.7) | |||
| Posterior fascia oedema | 1.04 | 0.31 | 0.07 | ||
| Yes | 27 | 6 (20) | |||
| No | 179 | 24 (80) | |||
| Preoperative | |||||
| VAS | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | −0.61 | 0.54 | 0.32 |
| VHR (%) | 63.2 ± 8.5 | 61.9 ± 7.9 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.26 |
| VKA (°) | 24.0 ± 7.0 | 25.8 ± 7.1 | −1.37 | 0.17 | 0.02 |
| 1 day after surgery | |||||
| VAS | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | −1.37 | 0.16 | 0.02 |
| VHR (%) | 78.6 ± 8.9 | 76.7 ± 8.4 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 0.11 |
| VKA (°) | 11.8 ± 7.5 | 13.6 ± 7.6 | −1.23 | 0.22 | 0.04 |
| Anti-osteoporosis | 15.32 | <0.01* | 0.25 | ||
| Yes | 177 (85.9) | 17 (56.7) | |||
| No | 29 (14.1) | 13 (43.3) | |||
| Vitamin D and calcium | 2.19 | 0.13 | 0.09 | ||
| Yes | 189 (91.7) | 25 (83.3) | |||
| No | 17 (8.3) | 5 (16.7) | |||
| Anesthesia | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.04 | ||
| Local | 197 (95.6) | 28 (93.3) | |||
| General | 9 (4.4) | 2 (6.7) | |||
| Cement volume (ml) | 9.80 | 0.01* | 0.20 | ||
| >4 | 172 (83.5) | 19 (63.3) | |||
| 3–4 | 23 (11.2) | 5 (16.7) | |||
| <3 | 11 (5.3) | 6 (20) | |||
| Cement distribution | 6.86 | 0.01* | 0.17 | ||
| Sufficient | 167 (81.1) | 18 (60) | |||
| Insufficient | 39 (18.9) | 12 (40) | |||
| Cement leakage | 0.09 | 0.76 | 0.02 | ||
| Yes | 30 (14.6) | 5 (16.7) | |||
| No | 176 (85.4) | 25 (83.3) |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are presented as number (%).
*Results are statistically significant.