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. 2023 Feb 16;14:866. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36616-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, b We applied a novel Bayesian switching dynamical systems (BSDS) model to time-series data extracted from individual regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to putative rat SN and DMN nodes to investigate brain state dynamics, and their temporal properties, associated with feedforward optogenetic stimulation of the AI. c We then examined dynamic changes in activation in each ROI and functional brain circuit connectivity associated with stimulation-related brain states.