Table 2.
The basic characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Example (person) | Average age (year) | Intervention | Blood pressure | Exercise prescription | Drug | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental group | Control group | Experimental group | Control group | Experimental group | Control group | Experimental group | Control group | Frequency (weekly) | Time (min) | Duration | ||||
| SBP | DBP | SBP | DBP | |||||||||||
| Cheung et al. [19] | 47 | 41 | 57.2 ± 9.5 | 51.2 ± 7.4 | Guolin qigong | Walking | 146.3 ± 7.8 | 93 ± 4.1 | 140.9 ± 10.9 | 93.1 ± 3.5 | 7 | 75 | 16 weeks | |
| Chen [20] | 30 | 30 | NR | NR | Mawangdui qigong | N | 155.3 ± 12.7 | 103.2 ± 13.5 | 154.6 ± 11.8 | 102.7 ± 10.7 | 5 | 44 | 6 months | |
| Chen and Lu [21] | 50 | 18 | NR | NR | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 169.5 ± 21.1 | 93.5 ± 7.9 | 170.9 ± 20.4 | 94.9 ± 6.7 | 6 | 30 | 12 weeks | NR |
| Chen and Zhou [22] | 40 | 40 | 59 ± 6 | 60 ± 5 | Baduanjin + AHD | Walking + AHD | 158.5 ± 12.5 | 101.6 ± 8.4 | 160.2 ± 11.6 | 100.8 ± 9.2 | 14 | 20 | 24 weeks | Nifedipine |
| Chen et al. [23] | 238 | 203 | NR | NR | Tai Chi + HE | HE | 141.91 ± 9.42 | 82.26 ± 7.87 | 141.77 ± 8.91 | 81.7 ± 7.98 | 5 | 60 | 24 months | |
| Chen et al. [24] | 32 | 32 | 68.04 ± 9.69 | 65.71 ± 8.71 | Baduanjin + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 166.76 ± 10.86 | 97.18 ± 6.86 | 167.43 ± 14.61 | 96.32 ± 9.18 | 5 | 30 | 6 months | NR |
| Chen and Lu [25] | 20 | 20 | 64.3 | 60.7 | Taichi + AHD | AHD | 150.4 ± 7.7 | 97.8 ± 6.5 | 151.6 ± 8.9 | 99.7 ± 5.1 | 7 | 40 | 10 weeks | Nifedipine |
| Dong and Zhang [26] | 30 | 30 | NR | NR | Baduanjin + HE | HE | 148.73 ± 3.13 | 94.87 ± 1.66 | 148.27 ± 2.16 | 95.27 ± 1.57 | 14 | 15–20 | 2 months | |
| Dong et al. [27] | 21 | 21 | NR | NR | Baduanjin + AHD | AHD | 137.25 ± 10.13 | 92.75 ± 6.4 | 138.51 ± 8.12 | 92.52 ± 6.83 | 5 | 60 | 4 months | Norvasc\Telmisartan\Amlodipine Besylate |
| Feng et al. [28] | 36 | 37 | 66.33 ± 4.74 | 67.51 ± 4.09 | Tai Chi + AHD | Walking + AHD | 144.17 ± 8.96 | 81.39 ± 8.67 | 145.22 ± 11.31 | 81.89 ± 8.88 | 3 | 60 | 12 weeks | NR |
| Fu [29] | 30 | 30 | 57.93 ± 6.63 | 59.53 ± 7.46 | Qigong | AHD | 134.93 ± 7.08 | 78.16 ± 4.13 | 136.3 ± 7.88 | 80.13 ± 4.48 | 6 | 40 | 3 months | Calcium channel blocker\ angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor\angiotensin receptor Blocker\Diuretic |
| He [30] | 42 | 42 | 68.51 ± 2.97 | 68.24 ± 2.45 | Baduanjin + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 140.67 ± 6.45 | 81.23 ± 7.72 | 139.87 ± 7.04 | 81.77 ± 8.02 | 5 | 30 | 3 months | NR |
| Huang Zhanmei [31] | 77 | 77 | NR | NR | Baduanjin + HE | HE | 147.32 ± 5.35 | 93.98 ± 2.73 | 148.34 ± 5.32 | 94.14 ± 2.7 | 10 | 30 | 3 months | |
| Tsai [32] | 37 | 39 | 51.6 ± 16.3 | 50.5 ± 9.8 | Taichi | N | 142.4 ± 8.6 | 87.4 ± 8.7 | 148.2 ± 8.8 | 86.2 ± 8.4 | 3 | 50 | 12 weeks | |
| Jiang et al. [33] | 50 | 50 | 64.67 ± 3.15 | 65.23 ± 3.23 | Baduanjin + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 155.67 ± 12.37 | 95.68 ± 9.69 | 159.87 ± 13.69 | 95.88 ± 10.17 | 10 | 30 | 12 weeks | Amlodipine |
| Park et al. [34] | 19 | 21 | 52 ± 4.87 | 53.85 ± 4.49 | Qigong | N | 134.14 ± 9.63 | 89 ± 0.894 | 140.48 ± 10.02 | 89 ± 0.894 | 5 | 30 | 8 weeks | |
| Park et al. [35] | 25 | 27 | 54.52 ± 6.96 | 52.93 ± 8.45 | Qigong | N | 134.45 ± 10.41 | 85.23 ± 6.43 | 130.47 ± 13.93 | 85.41 ± 7.83 | 5 | 50 | 12 weeks | |
| Jing and Buys [36] | 136 | 130 | NR | NR | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 130.71 ± 16.65 | 82.21 ± 7.94 | 130.46 ± 15.97 | 81.92 ± 8.25 | 5 h/week | 12 months | NR | |
| Jin and Pang [37] | 27 | 27 | NR | NR | Tai Chi | AHD | 152.44 ± 16.21 | 92.92 ± 14.35 | 150.24 ± 11.36 | 97.19 ± 9.35 | 7 | 40 | 6 weeks | Amlodipine |
| Liang et al. [27] | 30 | 30 | 54.8 ± 7.6 | 55.7 ± 8.8 | Baduanjin + AHD | Walking + AHD | 158.6 ± 12.3 | 101.7 ± 8.5 | 160.1 ± 11.7 | 100.9 ± 9.1 | 10 | 20 | 6 months | NR |
| Lin Fan [38] | 27 | 28 | 61.26 ± 3.74 | 62.03 ± 3.51 | Baduanjin | AHD | 147.93 ± 6.6 | 88.56 ± 7.65 | 148.8 ± 6.65 | 88.57 ± 8.21 | 14 | 30 | 12 weeks | Amlodipine Besylate |
| Lin and Huang [39] | 68 | 59 | NR | NR | Wuqinxi + AHD | AHD | 132.13 ± 13.8 | 78.87 ± 11.04 | 133.12 ± 18.32 | 78.37 ± 11.15 | 6 | 30 | 3 months | NR |
| Qiu and Yan [40] | 58 | 58 | NR | NR | Baduanjin + AHD | AHD | 149.3 ± 12.5 | 97.8 ± 12.6 | 148.7 ± 13.2 | 96.4 ± 10.7 | 5 | 30 | 6 months | Amlodipine Besylate |
| Liu [41] | 80 | 77 | 43 ± 6.57 | 42.6 ± 5.67 | Tai Chi + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 158.76 ± 19.24 | 98.37 ± 10.01 | 157.59 ± 18.65 | 98.35 ± 9.26 | 14 | 40 | 24 weeks | Nifedipine |
| Liu et al. [42] | 25 | 11 | NR | NR | Qigong | N | 159.3 ± 14.7 | 90.075 ± 7.8 | 159.975 ± 13.95 | 91.875 ± 13.725 | 5-6 | 60 | 10 weeks | |
| Liu et al. [43] | 35 | 35 | 62.4 ± 2.4 | 63.1 ± 2.1 | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 157.96 ± 15.24 | 97.24 ± 6.58 | 158.45 ± 15.73 | 97.85 ± 6.58 | 7 | 40–60 | 6 months | Cilazpril |
| Luo [44] | 44 | 40 | 44.74 ± 12.1 | 44.86 ± 13.05 | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 163.24 ± 12.56 | 98.78 ± 8.37 | 161.17 ± 11.93 | 99.87 ± 94.65 | 7 | 45 | 6 months | Cilazpril |
| Ma et al. [45] | 55 | 58 | 70.24 ± 10.25 | 69.71 ± 10.84 | Tai Chi + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 149.06 ± 19.51 | 90.74 ± 8.24 | 150.19 ± 18.3 | 89.16 ± 9.37 | 3–5 | 60 | 24 weeks | NR |
| Mao Hongni [46] | 51 | 11 | 45–70 | 52–72 | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 162.74 ± 26.36 | 93.66 ± 13.72 | 161.72 ± 64.96 | 94.09 ± 38.71 | 6 | 60 | 8 weeks | NR |
| Lee et al. [47] | 29 | 29 | 55.8 ± 5.3 | 61.6 ± 6.6 | Qigong | N | 146.96 ± 9.57 | 92.75 ± 5.27 | 148.62 ± 12.16 | 95.51 ± 5.72 | 7 | 30 | 10 weeks | |
| Lee et al. [48] | 17 | 19 | 52.6 ± 5.1 | 54.3 ± 5.5 | Qigong | N | 152 ± 10.5 | 97.2 ± 6.5 | 150 ± 11.8 | 93.8 ± 6.2 | 2 | 30 | 8 weeks | |
| Pan and Feng [49] | 24 | 24 | 62.1 ± 5.8 | 61.4 ± 7.1 | Baduanjin + AHD | AHD | 145.2 ± 3.7 | 94.5 ± 4.1 | 144.6 ± 3.9 | 95.3 ± 3.4 | 10 | 45 | 24 weeks | Thiazide Diuretic\Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin |
| Qi et al. [50] | 30 | 30 | 59.73 ± 4.35 | 60.68 ± 8.06 | Tai Chi | N | 151.26 ± 10.53 | 87.65 ± 10.42 | 152.01 ± 9.78 | 86.99 ± 10.42 | 5 | 60 | 12 weeks | |
| Shou et al. [51] | 98 | 100 | 52.35 ± 3.26 | 51.35 ± 4.21 | Tai Chi | HE | 140.47 ± 8.31 | 88.79 ± 9.35 | 141.9 ± 7.93 | 87.41 ± 9.72 | 7–14 | 45–60 | 3 months | |
| Sun and Sun [52] | 38 | 42 | 68.16 ± 4.43 | 69.10 ± 4.28 | Tai Chi | HE | 142.79 ± 12.21 | 86.42 ± 8.56 | 147.52 ± 6.25 | 90.24 ± 8.5 | 7 | 60 | 8 weeks | |
| Sun [53] | 32 | 32 | 57.19 ± 8.09 | 57.25 ± 5.63 | Tai Chi | N | 138.59 ± 24.86 | 85.47 ± 12.01 | 141.09 ± 23.44 | 85.31 ± 11.64 | 6 | 60 | 3 months | |
| Tang [54] | 16 | 16 | 63.65 ± 8.71 | 62.79 ± 7.43 | Tai Chi + AHD | AHD | 159.37 ± 15.83 | 99.21 ± 10.55 | 158.63 ± 16.16 | 98.44 ± 9.87 | 3 | 30 | 6 months | NR |
| Wang and Ye [55] | 50 | 50 | 67.6 ± 4.5 | 67.4 ± 4.2 | Tai Chi + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 160.74 ± 11.3 | 93.28 ± 9.26 | 163.53 ± 10.26 | 94.84 ± 8.35 | 3 | 40–60 | 3 months | NR |
| Wang et al. [56] | 30 | 30 | NR | NR | Tai Chi | N | 138.59 ± 10.86 | 85.47 ± 12.01 | 141.09 ± 23.44 | 85.31 ± 11.64 | 5 | 60 | 16 weeks | |
| Wang [44] | 25 | 25 | NR | NR | Shaolin Yijinjing + HE | HE | 134.4 ± 8.87 | 88.32 ± 5.99 | 131.88 ± 6.61 | 89.56 ± 4.88 | 7 | 90 | 12 weeks | |
| Yehong et al. [57] | 42 | 42 | 72 ± 5.56 | 70 ± 6.08 | Tai Chi + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 151.3 ± 21.8 | 91 ± 16 | 144.3 ± 19.6 | 85.6 ± 10.7 | 7 | 30–45 | 12 months | NR |
| Xiao et al. [58] | 24 | 24 | NR | NR | Baduanjin | N | 156.6 ± 12.3 | 101.7 ± 8.5 | 155.1 ± 10.7 | 100.9 ± 9.1 | 5 | 40 | 6 months | |
| Xiao [59] | 42 | 42 | 60.2 ± 4.6 | 60.5 ± 4.9 | Tai Chi | Aerobic exercise | 151.4 ± 10.3 | 90.8 ± 10.5 | 151.8 ± 10.2 | 90.4 ± 10.2 | 5 | 60 | 3 months | |
| Xie and Bai [60] | 25 | 25 | NR | NR | Tai Chi | N | 154.13 ± 7.69 | 97.78 ± 8.06 | 153.55 ± 9.8 | 97 ± 9.6 | 5 | 60 | 12 weeks | |
| Xu [61] | 30 | 30 | 38.07 ± 8.09 | 37.63 ± 9.09 | Tai Chi + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 158.4 ± 8.8 | 97.5 ± 4.2 | 159.1 ± 7.5 | 96.7 ± 5 | 14 | 10 | 8 weeks | NR |
| Yang and Zheng [62] | 33 | 34 | 63.64 ± 2.47 | 62.76 ± 1.92 | Baduanjin + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 150 ± 10.5 | 100 ± 7 | 148 ± 12 | 101 ± 5.25 | 5 | 30 | 12 weeks | Lercanidipine\Losartan potassium |
| Zheng et al. [63] | 21 | 20 | 65.19 ± 6.47 | 60.70 ± 8.01 | Liuzijue + AHD | AHD + HE | 142.57 ± 16.18 | 82.52 ± 9.12 | 130.6 ± 14.75 | 84.55 ± 11.9 | 3 | 60 | 12 weeks | NR |
| Zheng et al. [64] | 26 | 27 | NR | NR | Baduanjin + AHD + HE | AHD + HE | 134.92 ± 3.76 | 80.54 ± 4.06 | 134.44 ± 4.05 | 80.89 ± 4.34 | 5 | 30 | 24 weeks | Lercanidipine |
| Zhou [65] | 60 | 60 | 52.3 ± 10.7 | 53.4 ± 11.2 | Tai Chi | N | 147.8 ± 5.3 | 93.2 ± 2.5 | 148.3 ± 5.8 | 92.7 ± 2.6 | 7 | 60 | 12 weeks | |
NR: not reported; N: nonintervention; AHD: antihypertensive drugs; HE: health education.