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. 2023 Feb 17;14:900. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36543-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — a The Gene KEGG pathways related to “behavior”: learning, memory and fear response. b Schematic of zones in the open field arena and representative traces of with and without nicotine administration mice movement. Enter mid area times (n = 12, biologically independent samples/group) and mid stay time (n = 12, biologically independent samples/group) in open field arena. c The alternation of aged mice with or without nicotine in the Y-maze test (n = 6, biologically independent samples/group). d–h Behavioral performance of animals in the Morris water maze (n = 6, biologically independent samples/group). Average escape latencies of aged mice with or without nicotine. Escape latencies of aged mice in the explored day, total number of errors in target zone, and percentage time spent in the four quadrants. Data are means ± SEM. p values were determined by two-sided Student’s t test (b, c, f, g), or two-way ANOVA analysis and Fisher’s least significant difference (e, h).