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. 2023 Feb 17;8:71. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01342-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The methylation and demethylation pathways. DNMT3A and DNMT3B can methylate the cytosine (5mC) and set up a new methylation pattern to unmodified DNA. DNMT1 maintains an established pattern of DNA methylation during DNA replication. 5mC can be chemically modified at two sites: the amine group and the methyl group. The amine group of 5mC can be deaminated by AID/APOBEC to thymine (Thy). The methyl group of 5mC can be added a hydroxyl group by TET enzymes to generate 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (5hmC). Eventually, the products, Thy and 5hmU, can be recognized and removed by TDG