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. 2023 Feb 3;14:1093044. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093044

TABLE 6.

Coefficient estimates for indirect effect in the first- and second-stage moderation model.

Variable First stage (dependent variable = CL) Second stage (dependent variable = performance)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Step 2
a t a t b t b t
Constant -0.10 -0.57 -0.01 -0.08
Gender 0.07 0.61 0.05 0.42
SE -0.23 -3.58*** -0.60 -3.81***
BD 0.20 3.14** 0.19 2.94**
SE × BD 0.09 2.56*
Constant -0.40 -2.39* -0.42 -2.52*
Gender 0.30 2.54* 0.30 2.57*
SE 0.22 3.42** 0.21 3.17**
CL -0.32 -5.45*** -0.34 -5.58***
BD 0.07 1.04 0.07 1.03
CL × BD 0.06 1.19
R 2 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.20
F 14.73 12.91 15.82 12.96
ΔR2 0.02 0.004
Sig. ΔF 0.01 0.24

SE, self-efficacy; BD, boredom; CL, cognitive load; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.