Table 1.
Transovarial transmission of Babesia spp. in ticks
| Place | Tick species | Study type, test performed | Transovarial infection rate | Filial infection rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. bigemina (bovine) | |||||
| Australia | Rh. microplus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Riek (1964) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | nPCR | NA | NA | Oliveira-Sequeira et al. (2005) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | Microscopic examination | NA | NA | Oliveira et al. (2005) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | qPCR | 20 to 40% | NA | Giglioti et al. (2018) |
| Cuba | Rh. microplus | qPCR | 68% | NA | Obregon et al. (2020) |
| India | Rh. microplus | DNA hybridization with a nonradioactive probe | NA | NA | Ravindran et al. (2006) |
| India | Rh. microplus | nPCR | 7.41% | NA | Bhat et al. (2017) |
| India | Rh. annulatus | PCR | 38% | NA | Hembram et al. (2022) |
| Iran | Rh. annulatus | PCR | NA | NA | Rajabi et al. (2017) |
| Israel | Rh. annulatus | Nested PCR | NA | NA | Molad et al. (2015) |
| Kenya | Rh. decoloratus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Morzaria et al. (1977) |
| South Africa | Rh. decoloratus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Gray and Potgieter 1982 |
| Turkey | Rh. annulatus | Reverse line blot (RLB) | NA | NA | Ica et al. (2007) |
| Uruguay | Rh. microplus | PCR | NA | NA | Gayo et al. (2003) |
| USA | Rh. annulatus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Smith and Kilbourne (1893) |
| B. bovis (bovine) | |||||
| Australia | Rh. microplus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Mahoney and Mirre (1979) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | nPCR | NA | NA | Oliveira-Sequeira et al. (2005) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | Microscopic examination | NA | NA | Oliveira et al. (2005) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | qPCR | 0.5 to 14.5% | NA | Giglioti et al. (2018) |
| Cuba | Rh. microplus | qPCR | 100% | NA | Obregon et al. (2020) |
| Uruguay | Rh. microplus | PCR | NA | NA | Gayo et al. (2003) |
| USA | Rh. microplus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Smith et al. (1978) |
| USA | Rh. microplus | PCR | 12% to 48% | NA | Howell et al. (2007) |
| B. ovata (bovine) | |||||
| Japan | Ha. longicornis | IFAT | NA | NA | Maeda et al. (2016) |
| Japan | Ha. longicornis | nPCR | NA | NA | Shirafuji et al. (2017) |
| B. occultans (bovine) | |||||
| South Africa | Hy. rufipes | Experimental study | NA | NA | Gray and de Vos (1981) |
| Turkey | Hy. marginatum | PCR | 22.22% | NA | Aktas et al. (2014) |
| Turkey | Rh. turanicus | PCR | 50% | NA | Aktas et al. (2014) |
| Turkey | Hy. marginatum | PCR | NA | NA | Orkun (2019) |
| Turkey | Hy. excavatum | PCR | NA | NA | Orkun (2019) |
| B. divergens (bovine) | |||||
| England | I. ricinus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Donnelly and Peirce (1975) |
| France | I. ricinus | PCR | NA | NA | Bonnet et al. (2007) |
| B. canis (canine) | |||||
| England | Ha. elliptica | Experimental study | NA | NA | Shortt (1973) |
| England | Rh. sanguineus | Experimental study | NA | NA | Shortt (1973) |
| Poland | D. reticulatus | PCR | 100% | NA | Mierzejewska et al. (2018) |
| West-central Poland | I. ricinus | PCR | NA | NA | Liberska et al. (2021) |
| B. rossi (canine) | |||||
| Nigeria, West Africa | Ha. leachi | PCR | NA | NA | Kamani (2021) |
| B. vogeli (canine) | |||||
| Taiwan | Rh. sanguineus | PCR | NA | NA | Jongejan et al. (2018) |
| B. gibsoni (canine) | |||||
| Japan | Ha. longicornis | PCR | NA | NA | Hatta et al. (2012) |
| Taiwan | Ha. hystricis | PCR | NA | NA | Jongejan et al. (2018) |
| B. ovis (ovine) | |||||
| Iran | Rh. bursa (two-host tick) | PCR | NA | NA | Esmaeilnejad et al. (2014) |
| Israel | Rh. bursa (two-host tick) | Experimental study | NA | NA | Yeruham et al. (2001) |
| Israel | Rh. bursa (two-host tick) | PCR | NA | NA | Erster et al. (2016) |
| Turkey | Rh. bursa (two-host tick) | PCR | NA | NA | Orkun (2019) |
| B. motasi (ovine) | |||||
| Netherlands | Ha. punctata | Experimental study | NA | NA | Uilenberg et al. (1980) |
| Great Britain | Ha. punctata | Experimental study | NA | NA | Alani and Herbert (1988) |
| B. caballi (equine) | |||||
| Americas | Dermacentor nitens | PCR | NA | NA | Schwint et al. (2008) |
| Brazil | Rh. microplus | PCR | NA | NA | Battsetseg et al. (2002) |
| US state, Florida | Hy. truncatum | Experimental study | NA | NA | de Waal (1990) |
| B. trautmanni (porcine) | |||||
| South Africa | Rh. simus | Experimental study | NA | NA | de Waal et al. (1992) |
NA not available