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. 2023 Feb 3;17:1095259. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1095259

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Copyright © 2023 Dorrian, Berryman, Lauto and Leonard.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of neuroplastic mechanisms that may promote functional improvements. (1) Electrical stimulation may promote local neuroplasticity, strengthening motoneuron activation from afferent or descending inputs. (2) Stimulation may also promote the reorganization of descending pathways, or (3) promote axonal regeneration, which together could facilitate greater supraspinal control. (4) Stimulation may raise net spinal cord excitability, allowing the sub-lesioned circuitry to respond to weak residual supraspinal inputs and immediately restore function.