. 2023 Feb 3;13:991318. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.991318

TABLE 7.

Duodenal and jejunal morphometry of broilers at 41 days of age.

Treatment	Villus height (μm)	Villus width (μm)	Crypt depth (μm)	Muscularis thickness (μm)	HWR ^a	CVR ^b
Duodenum
Control	2655.772	184.777	90.207^ab	284.351	15.430	0.034^xy
Cu-MHAC-30 ppm	2543.393	206.587	79.907 ^b	258.772	12.586	0.032^y
Cu-MHAC-75 ppm	2653.639	190.899	100.010 ^a	270.178	14.668	0.038^x
SEM	87.979	15.102	4.700	20.725	1.199	0.002
p-value	0.5932	0.5813	0.0207	0.6863	0.2417	0.0639
Jejunum
Control	1165.189 ^b	141.538	104.863 ^a	287.022	8.542 ^b	0.091 ^a
Cu-MHAC-30 ppm	1837.322 ^a	160.227	91.084 ^b	234.434	12.937 ^a	0.050 ^b
Cu-MHAC-75 ppm	1852.820 ^a	129.03	90.090 ^b	268.677	14.684 ^a	0.049 ^b
SEM	65.184	12.699	3.824	16.944	1.208	0.003
p-value	<0.0001	0.2372	0.0194	0.1048	0.0043	<0.0001

^{^a}

CVR: the ratio of crypt depth to villus height.

^{^b}

HWR: the ratio of villus height to villus width.

Different superscript letters. ^a,b show significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments means ± SEM within each tissue for parameters measured.

Different superscript letters. ^x,y show numerical trend (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) between treatments means ± SEM within each tissue for parameters measured.