Table 4.
Results of studies displaying the rates of resistant or non-susceptible nasopharyngeal carriage isolates in the pre- and post-PCV10/13 periods
| ID |
Author |
Country |
Penicillin family (penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate (augmentin), ampicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam (zosyn)) |
Cephalosporin family (all antibiotics starting with Cef) |
Macrolide family (erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin) |
Other |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pre-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Post-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
P value for comparison of pre- vs post- antibiotic resistance
|
Increase, decrease either P < 0.05 or +/− 5%
|
Pre-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Post-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Percent change in antibiotic resistance
|
Increase, decrease either P < 0.05 or +/− 5%
|
Pre-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Post-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Percent change in antibiotic resistance
|
Increase, decrease either P < 0.05 or +/− 5%
|
Pre-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Post-PCV antibiotic resistance
|
Percent change in antibiotic resistance
|
Increase, decrease either P < 0.05 or +/− 5%
|
|||||||||||||
| 16 | Kobayashi, 2020 [25] | Kenya | Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Kibera children |
||||||||||||||
| Penicillin R: 2.4% (n = 12) | Penicillin R: 2.7% (n = 12) | χ2 P = 0.618 | No change | Ceftriaxone R: 0% (n = 0) | Ceftriaxone R: 0% (n = 0) | χ2 P = NA | No change | Erythromycin R: 1.6% (n = 8) | Erythromycin R: 3.8% (n = 17) | χ2 P = 0.042 | No change | Chloramphenicol R: 1.8% (n = 9) |
Chloramphenicol R: 3.2% (n = 14) |
χ2
P = 0.182 |
No change |
|||||||||||||
| Levofloxacin R: 0% (n = 0) |
Levofloxacin R: 0% (n = 0) |
χ2
P = NA |
No change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tetracycline R: 17.0% (n = 85) |
Tetracycline R: 12.8% (n = 57) |
χ2
P = 0.187 |
No change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cotrimoxazole R: 86.2% (n = 430) |
Cotrimoxazole R: 90.1% (n = 401) |
χ2
P = 0.029 |
Increase |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clindamycin R: 0.2% (n = 1) |
Clindamycin R: 2.7% (n = 12) |
χ2
P = 0.001 |
Increase |
|||||||||||||
| Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
Pneumococcal isolates from Lwak children |
|||||||||||||||||
| Penicillin R: 1.8% (n = 3) | Penicillin R: 0.0% (n = 0) | χ2 P = 0.235 | No change | Ceftriaxone R: 0.0% (n = 0) | Ceftriaxone R: 0.0% (n = 0) | χ2 P = NA | No change | Erythromycin R: 0.6% (n = 1) | Erythromycin R: 0.0% (n = 0) | χ2 P = 0.474 | No change | Chloramphenicol R: 2.6% (n = 4) |
Chloramphenicol R:3.3% (n = 6) |
χ2
P = 0.757 |
No change |
|||||||||||||
| Levofloxacin R: 0.0% (n = 0) |
Levofloxacin R: 0.0% (n = 0) |
χ2 P = NA |
No change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tetracycline R: 18.4% (n = 30) |
Tetracycline R: 11.6% (n = 21) |
χ2
P = 0.001 |
Decrease |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cotrimoxazole R: 5.6% (n = 9) |
Cotrimoxazole R: 5.5% (n = 10) |
χ2
P = 1.00 |
No change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clindamycin R: 0.0% (n = 0) |
Clindamycin R: 0.0% (n = 0) |
χ2
P = NA |
No change |
||||||||||
| 31 | Turner, 2020 [37] | Cambodia | Penicillin R: 81.0% (n = 265) | Penicillin R: 65.6% (n = 231) | Decrease | Ceftriaxone R: 18.3% (n = 60) | Ceftriaxone R: 11.1% (n = 39) |
|
Decrease | Erythromycin R: 52.3% (n = 171) | Erythromycin R: 47.2% (n = 166) |
|
Decrease | Multi-drug resistant R: 63.9% (n = 241) |
Multi-drug resistant R: 63.9% (n = 225) |
` | No change |
|||||||||||
| Chloramphenicol R: 12.2% (n = 40) |
Chloramphenicol R: 11.1% (n = 39) |
No change |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clindamycin R: 40.4% (n = 132) |
Clindamycin R: 33.5% (n = 118) |
Decrease |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-trimoxazole R: 73.4% (n = 240) |
Co-trimoxazole R: 71.0% (n = 250) |
No change |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tetracycline R: 87.8% (n = 287) |
Tetracycline R: 81.0% (n = 285) |
|
No change |
||||||||||||
| 19 | Mayanskiy, 2017 [38] | Russia | 2010-2011 |
2016 |
P = 0.001 | 2010-2011 |
2016 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythromycin R: 24.5% (n = 46) | Erythromycin R: 42.3% (n = 60) | Increase | Oxacillin R: 21.3% (n = 40) |
Oxacillin R: 35.9% (n = 106) |
P = 0.001 |
Increase |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clindamycin R: 19.9% (n = 46) |
Clindamycin R: 23.4% (n = 69) |
P = 0.482 |
No change |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim R: 59.1% (n = 110) |
Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim R: 37.6% (n = 111) |
P = 0.001 |
Decrease |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chloramphenicol R: 14.6% (n = 6) |
Chloramphenicol R: 4.7% (n = 14) |
P = 0.002 |
Decrease |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tetracycline R: 60.0% (n = 15) |
Tetracycline R: 29.0% (n = 85) |
P = 0.001 |
Decrease |
||||||||||
| 20 | Mayanskiy, 2019 [28] | Russia | 2010-2011 |
2017 |
P = 0.004 | Increase | 2010-2011 |
2017 |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythromycin R: 27.0% (n = 24) | Erythromycin R: 35.8% (n = 38) | Oxacillin R: 20.0% (n = 18) |
Oxacillin R: 31.1% (n = 33) |
P = 0.009 |
Increase |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clindamycin R: 25.0% (n = 56) |
Clindamycin R: 28.3% (n = 30) |
P = 0.004 |
Increase |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim R: 64.0% (n = 56) |
Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim R: 41.5% (n = 44) |
P = 0.006 |
Increase | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chloramphenicol R: Not tested |
Chloramphenicol R: 0.;9% (n = 1) |
P = NA |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tetracycline R: Not tested |
Tetracycline R: 32.1% (n = 34) |
P = NA |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multi-drug resistant R: 26.0% (n = 23) | Multi-drug resistant R: 27.4% (n = 29) |
P = 0.225 |
No change | |||||||||||||||||||
PCV – pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, IPD – invasive pneumococcal disease, NA – not available, R – resistant