Table 3.
Microfluidic synthesis of nanoparticles by active mixing methods
| Nanoparticle type | Mixing mechanism | Microchannel | Voltage (Vpp) | Size (nm) | PDI | Organic/precursor Concentration | FRR | TFR | ME | MT | Year | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acoustic | |||||||||||||
| PLGA | Piezoelectric transducer (205 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass capillary | 20 | 65 | 0.08 | 30 mg/mL | 0.3 | 8 μL/min | 90% | 103 ms | 2022 | [117] | |
| PLGA | Lotus shaped cantilever (8) mixer (680 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Silicon/PDMS | – | 52.2 | 0.44 | 1 mg/mL | 1:1 | 1400 μL/min | 80% | 2 ms | 2022 | [218] | |
| Budesonide | Square cross section membrane vibration (177.6 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Silicon/PDMS | 200 | 135.7 | 0.044 | 0.2 mg/mL | 1:4 | 10 μL/min | – | 3 ms | 2018 | [250] | |
| PLGA | PDMS sharp edges, 13 pairs (4 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass/PDMS | 30 | 64.7 ± 0.7 | 0.13 | 10 mg/mL | – | 10 μL/min | 100% | 54 ms | 2019 | [220] | |
| PLGA | Tesla structures/PDMS sharp edges (4.9 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass/PDMS | 56 | 64.5 | 0.062 | 10 mg/mL | 3:7 | 2000 μL/min | 100% | – | 2020 | [241] | |
| PLGA | Bubbles/sharp edges (74.2 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass/PDMS | 40 | 40 | 0.072 | 1.25 mg/mL | 1:4 | 20 μL/min | 88% | ~ 1 ms | 2019 | [94] | |
| Liposomes | Bubbles/sharp edges (74.2 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass/PDMS | 40 | 80 | 0.125 | 1 mg/mL | 1:6 | 60 μL/min | 88% | ~ 1 ms | 2019 | [94] | |
| SLN | Piezoelectric transducer (500 kHz), acoustic cavitation | Silicon/Glass/PDMS | 100 | 80 ± 2 | 0.34 | 0.4 mg/mL | 3:25 | 56 μL/min | – | – | 2021 | [213] | |
| PFC loaded PLGA | Sonication flow cell | – | – | 160 | 0.2 | – | – | 37.5 mL/min | – | – | 2020 | [242] | |
| bPEI polyplexes | SAW (81.2 MHz)-acoustic streaming | LiNbO3/PDMS | 5.6 | 110.8 ± 0.65 | 0.283 | 0.12 mg/ml (bPEI), 0.156 mg/ml (pDNA) | – | 2.5 μL/min | 100% | 189 ms | 2016 | [239] | |
| AuNP | Rotary SAW mixing, 4 IDT (50 MHz) | LiNbO3/PDMS | 35 | 21.32 ± 4.92 | - | 1 mM (HAucl4) | – | – | – | – | 2018 | [249] | |
| PLGA | PDMS sharp edges, 12 pairs (4 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Glass/PDMS | 38 | 101 | 0.17 | 30 mg/mL | 1:10 | 55 μL/min | 100% | 4 ms | 2021 | [245] | |
| Protein NP | Star shaped cavity (960 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Silicon/PDMS | 1 | 149.6 | 0.38 | 0.3 mg/mL | – | 500 μL/min | 85% | 6 ms | 2020 | [240] | |
| Exosome membrane/PLGA | Spiral channel/sonication (80 kHz) | Glass/PDMS | – | 177.4 | 0.193 | 5 mg/mL | 7:80 | 2900 μL/min | – | – | 2019 | [209] | |
| Cancer membrane/PLGA | Spiral channel/sonication (80 kHz) | Glass/PDMS | – | 172.3 | 0.222 | 5 mg/mL | 7:80 | 2900 μL/min | – | – | 2019 | [209] | |
| Lipid/PLGA | Spiral channel/sonication (80 kHz) | Glass/PDMS | – | 157.2 | 0.195 | 10 mg/mL | 7:80 | 2900 μL/min | – | – | 2019 | [209] | |
| AgNP | SAW (9.2 MHz)-acoustic streaming | LiNbO3/PDMS | 21 | 45 ± 11.5 | – | 0.1 M (AgNO3) | – | 100 μL/min | 100% | 20 ms | 2017 | [248] | |
| Budesonide | Star shaped cavity (1060 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Silicon/PDMS | 1 | 80.53 ± 21.95 | – | 4 mg/mL | 1:4 | 5000 μL/min | 91% | 4.1 ms | 2020 | [252] | |
| DNA NP | Star shaped cavity (1060 kHz)-acoustic streaming | Silicon/PDMS | 1 | 90 | – | – | – | 4000 μL/min | 91% | ~ 4.1 ms | 2020 | [252] | |
| Liposomes | Ultrasonic bath (50–60 kHz) | Glass | – | 66.27 | – | 3 mg/mL | 1:12 | 3740 μL/min | – | – | 2010 | [199] | |
| Electric/Thermal | |||||||||||||
| BaSO4 | Alternating current electrothermal (1 MHz) | Glass/PDMS | 12—20 | 75.3 ± 17.5 | – | 5 mM | – | 0.9 μL/min | 90% | – | 2019 | [202] | |
| Cu2O | Direct current-induced thermal buoyancy convection | Glass/PDMS | 8 | 680 | – | 0.2 M | – | 18 μL/min | 97.3% | – | 2019 | [253] | |
| Liposomes | Electrohydrodynamic micromixing (1 MHz) | Glass/PDMS | 10 | 126.7 ± 0.7 | – | 1 mg/mL | 1:10 | 50 μL/min | 60% | – | 2020 | [234] | |
| Liposomes | Electrohydrodynamic micromixing (1 MHz) | Glass/PDMS | 10 | 97 | – | 0.25 mg/mL | 1:10 | 200 μL/min | – | – | 2020 | [95] | |
| Co-Fe PBA | Alternating current electrothermal (1 MHz) | Glass/PDMS | 22 | 231.1 ± 35.4 | – | 5 mM | – | – | 90% | – | 2020 | [203] | |
| Other | |||||||||||||
| SLN | Oscillator mixer (138.9 Hz) | – | – | 93.4 | 0.184 | 100 mg/mL | 1:9 | 60 mL/min | – | – | 2015 | [132] | |
| AuNP | PZT micropump pulsed Mixing (300 Hz) | Glass/PDMS | – | 21.6 ± 4.83 | – | 1 mM (HAucl4) | – | 4 mL/min | 97% | – | 2015 | [205] | |
| AgNP | PZT micropump self-circulating mixing | PMMA/PET | 80 | 10.31 ± 2.38 | – | 1 mM (AgNO3) | – | – | – | – | 2019 | [258] | |
| AuNP | Soft wall vibration | Glass/PDMS | – | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2015 | [257] | |
| AuNP | PZT micropump pulsed Mixing (200 Hz) | Silicon/Glass | 100 | 42.7 | – | 0.48 mM (HAucl4) | 2.4 μL/min | – | 100 ms | 2010 | [204] | ||
| AuNP | Pneumatic micromixing (6 Hz) | Glass/PDMS | – | 19 | – | – | – | 170 μL/min | 95% | 1 s | 2010 | [256] | |
PDI polydispersity index, FRR flow rate ratio, TFR total flow rate, ME mixing efficiency, MT mixing time