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Calculation of IoU-based loss and Vertex Distance IoU (VDIoU) loss, where the red, blue, and green dotted boxes represent the Ground Truth (GT), Region Proposal (RP), and Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR), respectively; M, N is the central point of GT and RP, respectively; c is the distance between GT and the RP center point and d is the diagonal length of the MBR; A, B, C, D and E, F, G, H are the vertices of GT and RP, respectively.
