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. 2022 Oct 5;3(1):1–9. doi: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00044

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Continuous square wave voltammetry (cSWV) employs the same applied potential waveform as what is used in commercial instruments (here CH Instruments) employing square wave voltammetry. (Left) In traditional square wave voltammetry, the frequency (f) of the square wave potential pulse is defined as 1/(2tp) where tp is the pulse width. Typically, current is sampled at the end of the forward pulse and reverse pulse, and the difference (if – ir = idiff) is plotted against the potential. The commercial instrument used here averages the current from the latter half of each pulse to determine if and ir. (Right) cSWV continuously collects current data throughout the applied potential waveform at a native SWV frequency of nf = 100 Hz with a data collection rate of 100 kHz. Selecting current at a given time after the application of a pulse (δt) allows the extraction of a voltammogram at a frequency of 1/2δt. At nf = 50 Hz, a data collection frequency of 100 kHz allows for the extraction of 500 voltammograms from a single voltammetric sweep.