Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| EPIC-wide study | ||
|---|---|---|
| Endometrial cancer cases | Non cases* | |
| N = 299,318 | n = 1,886 | n = 297,432 |
| Histological subtypes, number, (%**) | ||
| Type I§ |
1690 (89.6) |
- |
| Type II§ |
90 (4.7) |
- |
|
Follow-up characteristics Mean ± SD** |
||
| Age at recruitment, years | 54.9 ± 7.5 | 50.2 ± 9.9 |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 63.7 ± 8.1 | - |
| Follow-up, years | 8.8 ± 4.7 | 14.0 ± 3.8 |
| Anthropometry Mean ± SD** | ||
| Weight, kg | 70.9 ± 13.9 | 65.3 ± 11.6 |
| Height, cm | 162.2 ± 6.6 | 162.3 ± 6.7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 5.3 | 24.8 ± 4.4 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), %** | 24.2 | 12.1 |
| Reproductive and hormone factors | ||
| Number of full-term pregnancies# | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
| Nulliparous, % | 16.4 | 15.6 |
| Ever use Oral contraceptives, %** | ||
| Never | 58.6 | 40.2 |
| Ever | 41.4 | 59.7 |
| Ever use hormone replacement therapy##, %** | ||
| Never | 66.3 | 76.9 |
| Ever | 33.7 | 23.1 |
| Ever breastfed#, %** | ||
| No | 28.7 | 27.9 |
| Yes | 71.3 | 72.1 |
| Menopausal Status, %** | ||
| Premenopausal | 20.5 | 38.2 |
| Post-menopausal | 59.5 | 43.8 |
| Perimenopausal | 19.6 | 17.7 |
| Age at menopause## | 50.9 ± 4.1 | 49.3 ± 4.4 |
| Socio-economic status and lifestyle | ||
| Total energy intake, Kcal/day | 1949.5 ± 539.8 | 1993.1 ± 546.1 |
| Alcohol intake, %** | ||
| None | 18.5 | 16.4 |
| < 5 g/day | 32.7 | 31.9 |
| 5 to ≤ 14.9 g/day | 28.2 | 30.1 |
| 15.0 to < 29.9 g/day | 12.7 | 13.2 |
| ≥29.9 g/day | 7.3 | 7.7 |
| Education status, % | ||
| None and primary school | 33.8 | 27.8 |
| Technical or professional and secondary school | 44.1 | 45.0 |
| Higher education | 17.8 | 23.6 |
| Physical activity status, %** | ||
| Inactive | 14.2 | 15.2 |
| Moderately inactive | 34.5 | 35.9 |
| Moderately active | 43.4 | 40.7 |
| Active | 7.9 | 8.2 |
| Smoking status, %** | ||
| Never | 62.7 | 56.8 |
| Former | 21.7 | 22.9 |
|
Current Other non-communicable diseases number, (%**) |
15.5 | 20.2 |
| Diabetes |
68 (4.1) |
6149 (2.2) |
| Hyperlipidemia |
205 (15.7) |
30,481 (13.5) |
| Hypertension |
452 (29.4) |
48,832 (18.8) |
| Myocardial infarction |
20 (1.2) |
1754 (0.6) |
| Stroke |
17 (1.1) |
1783 (0.7) |
|
Dietary intake, (g/day) Median (95%CI)** |
||
| Dairy products | 255.3 (245.7-265.2) | 242.2 (241.4-242.9) |
| Fruits, nuts and seeds | 199.6 (192.4-207.1) | 190.6 (190.0-191.2) |
| Vegetables | 168.7 (163.7-173.9) | 178.1 (177.7-178.5) |
| Cereal and cereal products | 173.1 (169.3-176.9) | 182.5 (182.1-182.8) |
| Meat and meat products | 71.3 (68.3–74.5) | 61.3 (61.1–61.6) |
| Fish and shellfish | 28.6 (27.2–29.9) | 26.6 (26.5–26.7) |
| Egg and egg products | 11.8 (11.3–12.4) | 11.5 (16.7–18.3) |
| Fat | 19.4 (18.8–20.1) | 20.0 (19.9–20.1) |
|
Fatty acid intake ### (g/day or mg/day) Median (95%CI)** |
||
| SFA (g/day) | 23.7 (11.2–45.8) | 24.9 (11.7–48.3) |
| Cis MUFA (g/day) | 23.4 (11.3–45.2) | 24.7 (12.1–48.5) |
| rTFA (mg/day) | 22.9 (3.1-116.4) | 27.9 (4.3-134.5) |
| iTFA (g/day) | 1.2 (0.1–5.3) | 1.2 (0.2–4.9) |
| n-6 PUFA (g/day) | 11.0 (5.4–21.4) | 11.4 (5.8–22.5) |
| n-6 linoleic acid (g/day) | 10.9 (5.3–21.3) | 11.38 (5.7–22.4) |
| n-6 γ-Linolenic acid (mg/day) | 6.9 (1.9–22.5) | 7.3 (1.8–24.3) |
| n-6 long-chain PUFA (mg/day) | 23.7 (7.4–66.7) | 24.2 (5.5–66.0) |
| n-3 PUFA (mg/day) | 701.5 (254.0-1945.3) | 667.2 (237.5-1913.2) |
| n-3 α-linolenic acid (mg/day) | 379.4 (116.7-1263.6) | 382.2 (117.5-1251.9) |
| n-3 long-chain PUFA (mg/day) | 229.1 (28.8-1156.8) | 198.1 (21.7-1051.9) |
*Considered as non-cases at the most recent cancer endpoint and vital status update
**Continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations (SD) or median (95%CI). Categorical variables are presented as percentages. Missing values were excluded from percentage calculations
§ Type I included: adenocarcinoma (NOS), adenocarcinoma in adenomatous polyp, endometrioid adenocarcinoma (NOS), mucinous adenocarcinoma, mucin-producing adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia. Type II included: squamous cell carcinoma (NOS), clear cell adenocarcinoma (NOS), mixed cell adenocarcinoma, serous cystadenocarcinoma (NOS) or papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
#Among parous women
##Among postmenopausal women only
###Groupings of fatty acids are as described in the methods, assessment of dietary fatty acids intake