Table 1.
Participant characteristics overall and by maternal ACE group
| N with data | Overall (N = 147) | Low ACE (N = 71) | High ACE (N = 76) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal demographics | |||||
| Maternal age | 147 | 28.4 (5.3) | 28.7 (5.0) | 28.1 (5.5) | .480 |
| BMI | 143 | .012 | |||
| Normal/underweight | 72 (49%) | 43 (60.6%) | 29 (38.2%) | ||
| Overweight/obese | 71 (48.3%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (57.9%) | ||
| Missing | 4 (2.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 3 (3.9%) | ||
| Race | 147 | .032 | |||
| African American/Black | 72 (49.0%) | 28 (39.4%) | 44 (57.9%) | ||
| Caucasian/other | 75 (51.0%) | 43 (60.6%) | 32 (42.1%) | ||
| Ethnicity | 147 | 1 | |||
| Non-Hispanic/unknown | 136 (92.5%) | 66 (93.0%) | 70 (92.1%) | ||
| Hispanic | 11 (7.5%) | 5 (7.0%) | 6 (7.9%) | ||
| Marital status | 147 | .008 | |||
| Married/domestic partner | 76 (51.7%) | 45 (63.4%) | 31 (40.8%) | ||
| Single/divorced | 71 (48.3%) | 26 (36.6%) | 45 (59.2%) | ||
| Education | 147 | .001 | |||
| High school education or less | 37 (25.2%) | 14 (19.7%) | 23 (30.3%) | ||
| Some education after high school | 40 (27.2%) | 12 (16.9%) | 28 (36.8%) | ||
| College degree or more | 70 (47.6%) | 45 (63.4%) | 25 (32.9%) | ||
| Income | 145 | < .001 | |||
| $25K or less | 52 (35.4%) | 20 (28.2%) | 32 (42.1%) | ||
| $25K to $75K | 38 (25.9%) | 11 (15.5%) | 27 (35.5%) | ||
| $75K or more | 55 (37.4%) | 38 (53.5%) | 17 (22.4%) | ||
| Parity | 120 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.8 (1.0) | .175 |
| Maternal psychological measures | |||||
| Baseline PSS score | 145 | 14.0 (6.3) | 13.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (6.8) | .562 |
| Ultrasound 1 PSS score | 144 | 10.8 (6.7) | 10.6 (6.0) | 11.6 (7.1) | .148 |
| Ultrasound 2 PSS score | 143 | 10.0 (6.8) | 9.7 (6.8) | 10.4 (6.9) | .504 |
| Baseline EPDS score | 146 | 4.4 (4.1) | 3.7 (3.3) | 5.2 (4.6) | .023 |
| Baseline STAI state score | 147 | 28.9 (9.4) | 30.2 (10.3) | 27.5 (8.2) | .080 |
| Baseline STAI trait score | 147 | 31.6 (8.4) | 33.2 (9.7) | 29.9 (6.4) | .016 |
| Offspring demographics | |||||
| Offspring sex | 147 | .070 | |||
| Male | 78 (53.1%) | 32 (45.1%) | 46 (60.5%) | ||
| Female | 69 (46.9%) | 39 (54.9%) | 30 (39.5%) | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||||
| Ultrasound 1 | 142 | 21.5 (1.4) | 21.8 (1.4) | 21.3 (1.4) | .039 |
| Ultrasound 2 | 141 | 29.5 (1.4) | 29.8 (1.3) | 29.2 (1.4) | .018 |
| Birthweight (g) | 115 | 3270 (515) | 3220 (557) | 3317 (471) | .317 |
Maternal and offspring characteristics for women who had at least one ultrasound measuring fetal adrenal volume. Continuous variables are summarized with means and standard deviations, and differences between maternal ACE groups are tested using two-sample t-tests. Categorical variables are summarized with frequencies and percentages, and differences between maternal ACE groups are tested using Fisher’s exact tests. Tests with significant p-values are bolded. Values are summarized overall and stratified by maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) group: low = 0–1 ACEs; high = 2 + ACEs. PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory