Table 2.
Language Environment Analysis (LENA) outcome differences between urban and rural households
| Groups | Rural northwestern China sample (N = 38) |
Urban Shanghai sample (N = 22) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obs | Mean (SD) | Obs | Mean (SD) | ||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | ||
| (1) | Full sample AWC | 38 | 13,428 | 22 | 21,098 |
| (6,058) | (7,693) | ||||
| (2) | Upper 50% AWC | 19 | 17,847 | 11 | 27,035 |
| (5,436) | (6,007) | ||||
| (3) | Lower 50% AWC | 19 | 9,010 | 11 | 15,160 |
| (2,160) | (3,261) | ||||
| (4) | Full sample CTC | 38 | 559 | 22 | 751 |
| (267) | (287) | ||||
| (5) | Upper 50% CTC | 19 | 763 | 11 | 986 |
| (209) | (203) | ||||
| (6) | Lower 50% CTC | 19 | 354 | 11 | 515 |
| (120) | (103) | ||||
| (7) | Full sample CVC | 38 | 2,140 | - | - |
| (737) | - | ||||
| (8) | Upper 50% CVC | 19 | 2,755 | - | - |
| (418) | - | ||||
| (9) | Lower 50% CVC | 19 | 1,526 | - | - |
| (380) | - | ||||
| - | |||||
| (10) | Full sample CDI | 38 | 45 | - | - |
| (25) | - | ||||
| (11) | Upper 50% CDI | 19 | 65 | - | - |
| (20) | - | ||||
| (12) | Lower 50% CDI | 19 | 25 | - | - |
| (9) | - | ||||
Source: Column 1 (“Rural northwestern China sample”) is from the authors’ survey. Column 2 (“Urban Shanghai sample”) is from Zhang et al. 2015.
Note: This table utilized data from urban Shanghai (Zhang et al., 2015). According to Zhang et al. (2015), volunteer parents of 22 children aged 3 to 23 months were recruited for their Shanghai sample. To recruit the participants, the Shanghai study team used flyers, emails, and word of mouth. A total of 22 participants were selected to record language development based on age group balance. Families provided daylong, in-home audio recordings using LENA. Three LENA recordings were collected over a 2-week period for each family to provide a stable estimate of the home language environment. Audio samples for the validation analyses were randomly drawn from one recording per family. The standard recording period was 16 h but given variability across families with respect to start and end times the Shanghai study restricted the potential sampling range to the 12 h between 9 am to 9 pm.