Table 1.

Summary of COVID-19 comorbidities and possible prevention or treatment with SP.

COVID-19 comorbidity	S-Polysaccharides	Origin	Proposed mechanisms of action	Current state	References
Hypertension	Fucoidans	Brown seaweeds	Mimicking natural ligands of protein receptors	Research	[4]
Cardiovascular disease	Sulfated fucans and galactans	Brown seaweeds and sea urchin	Inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin generations by the tenase and prothrombinase systems.	Research	[5]
Type 2 diabetes/obesity	Sulfated rhamnose, fucoidan	Enteromorpha prolifera	Sulfated rhamnose-Cr (III) ligands can significantly improve the bioactivity of chromium and increase its ability to control diabetes.	Proposed as nutraceutical	[6,7]