Table 2.

The operational definition of the ST skills instrument (Jaradat et al. 2017)

Dimension	More systemic (holistic)
Level of complexity: Comfort with multidimensional problems and limited system understanding	Complexity (C) Expect uncertainty, work on multidimensional problems, prefer a working solution, and explore the surrounding environment
Level of autonomy: Balance between local-level autonomy versus system integration	Integration (G) Preserve global integration, tend more to a dependent decision and global performance
Level of interaction: Interconnectedness in coordination and communication among multiple systems	Interconnectivity (I) Inclined to global interactions, follow a general plan, work within a team, and interested less in identifiable cause-effect relationships
Level of change: Comfort with rapidly shifting systems and situations	Tolerant of change (Y) Prefer taking multiple perspectives into consideration, underspecify requirements, focus more on external forces, like long-range plans, keep options open, and work best in a changing environment
Level of uncertainty: Acceptance of unpredictable situations with limited control	Emergence (E) React to situations as they occur, focus on the whole, comfortable with uncertainty, believe the work environment is difficult to control, enjoy subjectivity and non-technical problems
Level of hierarchical view: Understanding system behavior at the whole versus part level	Holism (H) Focus on the whole, interested more in the big picture, interested in concepts and abstract meaning of ideas
Level of flexibility: Accommodation of change or modifications in systems or approach	Flexibility (F) Accommodating to change, like a flexible plan, open to new ideas, and unmotivated by routine