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. 2023 Feb 13;16:409–424. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S397445

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© 2023 Li et al.

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The regulation mechanism of luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) on glucose homeostasis. LH indirectly affects glucose homeostasis by interfering with related signaling pathways through androgens and inflammatory mediators, while GH interferes with insulin signaling through p85α.

Abbreviations: IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; AR, androgen receptor; JAK2, Janus tyrosine kinase 2; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ; IL-6, interleukin 6.