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. 2023 Feb 13;16:409–424. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S397445

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© 2023 Li et al.

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Excessive GCs act on the above-mentioned organs to induce glucose metabolism disorders and eventually lead to hyperglycemia.

Abbreviations: IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; MKP-3, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3; FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1; AA, amino acid; FFA, free fatty acids; NEFAs, non-esterified fatty acids; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; NPY, nerve peptide Y; AgRP, agouti-related protein; JAK, Janus tyrosine kinase; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription.