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. 2023 Feb 13;16:409–424. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S397445

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© 2023 Li et al.

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The regulatory mechanism of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on glucose metabolism. TSH induces gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance through the TSHR/cAMP/PKA pathway.

Abbreviations: CRTC2, cAMP-regulated transcriptional coactivators 2; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6P, glucose-6-phosphatase; PKA, protein kinase A; TSHR, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.