Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression model for each clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Boramae Medical Center.
| Clinical outcomes | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Hospital length of stay ≤2 weeks | |||||||||
|
|
Age | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | .01 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | .64 | ||||
|
|
Female | 1.30 (0.96 to 1.74) | .09 | 1.18 (0.87 to 1.61) | .29 | ||||
|
|
Every-day smoker | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.32) | .44 | N/Aa | N/A | ||||
|
|
Hypertension | 0.57 (0.41 to 0.78) | <.001 | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.98) | .04 | ||||
|
|
Diabetes mellitus | 0.61 (0.41 to 0.91) | .02 | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.22) | .29 | ||||
|
|
Cancer | 0.91 (0.51 to 1.62) | .74 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 0.80 (0.45 to 1.43) | .46 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Chronic lung disease | 0.98 (0.50 to 1.91) | .95 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Chronic kidney disease | 0.28 (0.08 to 0.91) | .04 | 0.35 (0.11 to 1.20) | .01 | ||||
|
|
Chronic liver disease | 0.37 (0.16 to 0.86) | .02 | 0.40 (0.17 to 0.93) | .03 | ||||
|
|
Cough | 1.03 (0.77 to 1.39) | .84 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Fever | 1.03 (0.77 to 1.39) | .84 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Dyspnea | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.74) | .43 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
White blood cells, 1000/µL | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | .36 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Lymphocyte, % | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | .001 | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.03) | .03 | ||||
|
|
C-reactive protein >0.5 mg/dL | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.53) | .40 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Procalcitonin >0.05 ng/mL | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.25) | .36 | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Oxygen supplementation | |||||||||
|
|
Age | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.10) | <.001 | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Female | 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) | .03 | 0.91 (0.53 to 1.56) | .73 | ||||
|
|
Every-day smoker | 0.45 (0.23 to 0.90) | .02 | 0.63 (0.24 to 1.69) | .36 | ||||
|
|
Hypertension | 3.85 (2.67 to 5.55) | <.001 | 1.90 (1.12 to 3.24) | .02 | ||||
|
|
Diabetes mellitus | 4.91 (3.23 to 7.46) | <.001 | 2.23 (1.24 to 4.01) | .008 | ||||
|
|
Cancer | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.98) | .98 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 2.86 (1.58 to 5.17) | <.001 | 1.24 (0.51 to 3.00) | .64 | ||||
|
|
Chronic lung disease | 2.50 (1.27 to 4.91) | .008 | 1.17 (0.42 to 3.27) | .77 | ||||
|
|
Chronic kidney disease | 3.18 (1.05 to 9.59) | .04 | 2.44 (0.48 to 12.48) | .28 | ||||
|
|
Chronic liver disease | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Cough | 2.35 (1.61 to 3.44) | <.001 | 1.26 (0.74 to 2.14) | .40 | ||||
|
|
Fever | 3.13 (2.13 to 4.58) | <.001 | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.62) | .11 | ||||
|
|
Dyspnea | 11.04 (7.20 to 16.94) | <.001 | 8.93 (4.85 to 16.43) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
White blood cells, 1000 cells/µL | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.27) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | .38 | ||||
|
|
Lymphocyte, % | 0.92 (0.91 to 0.94) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | .11 | ||||
|
|
C-reactive protein >0.5 mg/dL | 9.52 (6.05 to 14.98) | <.001 | 3.04 (1.68 to 5.48) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Procalcitonin >0.05 ng/mL | 12.01 (7.59 to 19.01) | <.001 | 3.50 (1.87 to 6.57) | <.001 | ||||
| Development of acute respiratory distress syndrome | |||||||||
|
|
Age | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.11) | <.001 | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Female | 0.44 (0.25 to 0.78) | .005 | 0.56 (0.21 to 1.52) | .26 | ||||
|
|
Every-day smoker | 0.72 (0.28 to 1.85) | .49 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Hypertension | 4.29 (2.47 to 7.46) | <.001 | 1.46 (0.56 to 3.81) | .44 | ||||
|
|
Diabetes mellitus | 4.40 (2.50 to –7.75) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.31 to 2.10) | .65 | ||||
|
|
Cancer | 1.63 (0.66 to 3.99) | .29 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 3.85 (1.85 to 8.00) | <.001 | 1.42 (0.42 to 4.81) | .57 | ||||
|
|
Chronic lung disease | 2.34 (0.93 to 5.84) | .07 | 0.81 (0.20 to 3.31) | 0770 | ||||
|
|
Chronic kidney disease | 2.17 (0.47 to 10.04) | .32 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Chronic liver disease | 1.07 (0.24 to 4.66) | .93 | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
Cough | 2.36 (1.29 to 4.33) | .006 | 0.52 (0.18 to 1.53) | .24 | ||||
|
|
Fever | 5.18 (2.58 to 10.41) | <.001 | 1.55 (0.55 to 4.40) | 4.111 | ||||
|
|
Dyspnea | 18.13 (9.77 to 33.66) | <.001 | 12.76 (4.48 to 36.36) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
White blood cells, 1000 cells/µL | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.42) | <.001 | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.25) | .66 | ||||
|
|
Lymphocyte, % | 0.87 (0.84 to 0.90) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) | .09 | ||||
|
|
C-reactive protein >0.5 mg/dL | 14.78 (5.83 to 37.44) | <.001 | 2.24 (0.56 to 8.98) | .26 | ||||
|
|
Procalcitonin >0.05 ng/mL | 24.84 (13.23 to 46.63) | <.001 | 8.07 (2.96 to 22.00) | <.001 | ||||
aN/A: not applicable.