Table 3.
Results Comparing Family Characteristics, Parenting Stress, and Child Problem Behaviors across Parenting Styles
| Authoritarian (n = 66) |
Authoritative (n = 104) |
Permissive (n = 112) |
Uninvolved (n = 39) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | Test Statistic | p |
| Primary caregiver is White (versus Non-White) | 52 (78.8) | 69 (66.3) | 83 (74.1) | 30 (76.9) | 3.79 | 0.285 | ||||
| Household income above $50k (versus below) | 38 (57.6) | 64 (61.5) | 61 (54.5) | 14 (35.9) | 7.75 | 0.051 | ||||
| Primary caregiver education (some college versus high school or less) | 46 (69.7) | 60 (57.7) | 66 (58.9) | 25 (64.1) | 2.99 | 0.394 | ||||
| Child receives special education services (versus not) | 10 (45.5) | 15 (46.9) | 19 (45.2) | 9 (40.9) | 0.20 | 0.978 | ||||
| Parenting stress | 1.50 (0.46)abd | 1.25 (0.47)c | 1.48 (0.59)bd | 1.73 (0.49)a | 9.12* | 0.000 | ||||
| Child problem behaviors | 7.21 (5.07)c | 4.45 (4.60)b | 7.26 (5.21)c | 10.10 (5.45)a | 13.59* | 0.000 | ||||
Test statistic = X2 for the categorical variables and F for the continuous parenting stress variable. Percentages or means that share the same subscript within rows are not statistically significantly different, while unique subscripts are statistically significantly different at p < 0.05
*p < 0.001