Table 2. Mean absolute and relative daily energy intake according to NOVA food groups and subgroups – pregnant women aged 10–50 years (Brazil, Family Budget Survey, 2017–2018) (N=379).

NOVA Food Groups		kcal/day	% Total energy intake
Natural or minimally processed foods		924.0	52.6
	Rice	167.9	9.6
	Beef	120.2	7.0
	Beans	95.8	5.6
	Poultry	91.3	5.3
	Fruits	67.1	3.8
	Pasta	58.8	3.2
	Milk	56.0	3.1
	Beans	40.0	2.3
	Vegetables and legumes	29.0	1.7
	Pork	33.5	1.9
	Cassava flour	28.8	1.5
	Natural fruits juices	27.3	1.5
	Fish	18.9	1.2
	Corn, oats, wheat, and other cereals	19.0	1.1
	Eggs	20.9	1.2
	Wheat flour	12.2	0.7
	Coffee and tea	9.9	0.6
	Othera	27.4	1.3
Processed culinary ingredients		280.4	15.7
	Plant oils	140.1	8.0
	Sugar	103.5	5.7
	Butter	17.2	1.0
	Animal fats	5.9	0.3
	Otherb	13.6	0.7
Processed foods		194.2	10.8
	Processed breads	147.6	8.4
	Cheese	25.9	1.4
	Salted, smoked, or canned meat or fish	9.4	0.5
	Otherc	11.3	0.5
Ultra-processed foods		392.6	20.9
	Ready-to-eat or semi-ready-to-eat mealsd	77.5	3.8
	Margarine	49.8	2.8
	Salted biscuits and chip-type salty snacks	46.6	2.6
	Cold cuts	34.3	1.9
	Cookies, cakes, and sweet pies	41.7	2.2
	Bread, hamburger, hot dog, and similar	33.7	2.0
	Chocolates, ice cream, candies, or other industrialized desserts	33.7	1.6
	Milk-based drinks	22.2	1.1
	Carbonated soft drinks	20.3	1.1
	Fruit drinks industrialized	14.4	0.8
	Othere	18.4	1.0
Total		1,791.2	100.0

^aNatural yogurt, lentils, chickpeas and other legumes, nuts and seeds, other flours, seafood, and other meats.

^bCoconut milk, starch, vinegar, and salt.

^cLegumes/vegetables/fish preserves, fruit jam, tomato sauce, beer, and wine.

^dPizzas, sandwiches, fast food, snacks, frozen pasta dishes and noodles, soup, and other “instant” foods.

^eBreakfast cereals, ultra-processed cheeses, industrialized sauces, cream, spirits, other nonalcoholic beverages, and caloric supplements.