Table 3. Mean dietary nutritional indicators according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed foods – pregnant women aged 10–50 years (Brazil, Family Budget Survey, 2017–2018) (N=379).
| Nutritional indicators | Quintile of consumption of ultra-processed foods (% total energy) | β | p-value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 1,412.5 | 1,654.4 | 1,655.3 | 1,910.2 | 2,337.7 | 209.95 | 0.000 | |
| Percentage of total energy from | ||||||||
| Protein | 15.3 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 14.1 | -0.38 | 0.003 | |
| Carbohydrates | 60.4 | 59.1 | 58.7 | 58.6 | 57.2 | -0.67 | 0.028 | |
| Free sugars | 11.0 | 15.1 | 16.5 | 16.2 | 19.2 | 1.73 | 0.000 | |
| Total fats | 24.3 | 26.0 | 26.9 | 27.7 | 28.7 | 1.04 | 0.000 | |
| Saturated fat | 7.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 0.34 | 0.000 | |
| Trans fat | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.10 | 0.000 | |
| Nutrients density | ||||||||
| Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 14.6 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 10.1 | -0.94 | 0.002 | |
| Sodium (g/1,000 kcal) | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | -27.29 | 0.093 | |
| Potassium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1363.6 | 1164.3 | 1160.6 | 1088.7 | 993.8 | -80.55 | 0.000 | |
| Iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.2 | -0.18 | 0.025 | |
| Folate (μg/1,000 kcal) | 254.2 | 221.7 | 215.9 | 219.3 | 190.6 | -12.73 | 0.002 | |
| Zinc (mg/1,000 kcal) | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | -0.48 | 0.000 | |
| Calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 244.2 | 218.4 | 224.9 | 241.5 | 219.5 | -2.36 | 0.601 | |
| Vitamin A (μg/1,000 kcal) | 143.0 | 253.1 | 232.7 | 267.4 | 178.2 | 7.99 | 0.476 | |
*
p<0.05 for linear trend in the variation of the nutritional indicator according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed foods (with adjustment for confounding variables).