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Panel unit root test
| IPS test Order of differences: 0 H0: panels contain unit roots | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOx emissions | Population | Income per taxpayer | Car ownership | Houses per capita | Industrial manufacturing | Urban density | |
| Z-t-tilde-bar-statistic | − 38.77*** | − 33.56*** | − 17.70*** | − 30.12*** | − 18.27*** | − 33.07*** | − 31.47*** |
Im-Pesaran-Shin test (IPS test) assumes panel-specific AR parameters, Akaike Information Criterion is minimized, and all variables are logarithmized.
***p < 0.01.
