Table 4.
Determinants of NOx emissions
| Ln NOx emissions | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln population |
0.90*** (0.05) |
0.96*** (0.04) |
1.02*** (0.06) |
0.91*** (0.03) |
0.95*** (0.03) |
1.02*** (0.06) |
|
Ln income per taxpayer (Columns (1)–(3)) Ln GDP per capita (Columns (4)–(6)) |
− 0.57*** (0.19) |
− 0.41** (0.17) |
− 0.49** (0.22) |
− 0.15*** (0.20) |
− 0.01 (0.22) |
0.01 (0.11) |
| Ln cars ownership |
0.77*** (0.25) |
0.52** (0.23) |
1.07*** (0.23) |
0.98*** (0.06) |
0.59* (0.08) |
0.69* (0.37) |
| Ln houses per capita |
0.32*** (0.09) |
0.24** (0.12) |
0.39*** (0.06) |
0.28** (0.13) |
||
| Ln industrial Manufacturing |
0.08 (0.08) |
0.11 (0.08) |
||||
| Ln urban density |
− 0.04 (0.06) |
− 0.09* (0.05) |
||||
| Constant |
0.072*** (0.08) |
0.37*** (0.06) |
0.36*** (0.07) |
0.72*** (0.06) |
0.41*** (0.07) |
0.36*** (0.08) |
| R2 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Number of districts | 367 | 367 | 367 | 367 | 367 | 367 |
| Number of observations | 1315 | 1176 | 1167 | 2240 | 1168 | 1168 |
Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Year fixed effects are included. Variables are mean-centered before estimation, and estimations are based on the FMOLS technique. The varying number of observations is due to a lack of data for some variables
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; * p <0.1