Table 2.

Coding categories of the social design themes

Coding category		Description
Aim	Problem-solving	Try to solve a problem by actually designing or co-designing a product, a system, a service, or to open up a debate as to which solutions can be offered and how
	Organizing	Mobilizing people to get involved in social processes, share knowledge or build relationships
	Making visible	To enhance the visibility of issues, values, or practices. To raise awareness of problems or to demonstrate something
	Empowerment	To encourage, educate or finance people
Social value	Convenience	Providing new functions or solutions to improve the efficiency of people to achieve goals, while reducing the physical requirement or mental burden for doing that
	Emotional need	Offering emotional comfort or support, or supplying a design quality arousing people's emotions to those who desire for these
	Mutual benefit	Participants can benefit from each other's actions as what they expect
	Identity	A process of reinforcement of identity with the effect of motivating people to actively associate with others or live in a more positive attitude
	Safety and health	To guarantee, or at least, note the safety and health of people with concern
	Sustainability	To sustain a social service, an economic activity, an idea, a healthy atmosphere or the ecosystem in a period as long as it could
	Trust	Achieving the psychological intimacy between different social roles
Deliverable	Industrial product	Tangible objects for large-scale production
	Interaction design	Design for the user interface of Apps and for tangible interaction
	Service design	Design of a service system
	Public activity	Design of the human activity in public