Table 2.
Responses from the UH NEAR questionnaire among boys from the iREAD study (n = 168), presented overall and by religious groups: ultra-Orthodox (N = 57), religious (N = 67), and secular (N = 44).
| Total (N = 168) | Ultra-Orthodox (N = 57) | Religious (N = 67) | Secular (N = 44) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental myopia, N (%) | ||||||
| 0 myopic parents | 25 (15.2) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (21.2) | 11 (26.2) | P < 0.001*† Post-hoc: UO > R, P = 0.001; UO > S, P < 0.001 | |
| 1 myopic parents | 57 (34.5) | 14 (24.6) | 24 (36.4) | 19 (45.2) | ||
| 2 myopic parents | 83 (50.3) | 43 (75.4) | 28 (42.4) | 12 (28.6) | ||
| Children with cell phones, N (%) | 34 (20.2) | 3 (5.3) | 14 (20.9) | 17 (38.7) | P = 0.006 Post-hoc: UO < S, P = 0.005 | |
| Age learned to read (years) mean ± SD, range | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | P < 0.001* Post-hoc: UO < R, P < 0.001; UO < S, P < 0.001 | |
| 3–7 | 3–6 | 4–7 | 5–7 | |||
| Following Parent-Reported Behaviors: Mean ± SD, Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), range | ||||||
| Time in school per day (hours) | ||||||
| Overall | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO > S, P < 0.001; UO > R, P = 0.012 | |
| 6.5 (5.7, 7.3) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.3) | 6.2 (5.7, 7.1) | 5.7 (5.7, 6.5) | |||
| 3.3–8.3 | 3.8–8.2 | 4.5–8.3 | 3.3–8.2 | |||
| Weekday | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO > S, P < 0.001; UO > R, P = 0.001 | |
| 7 (6, 8) | 7.5 (7, 8) | 6.8 (6, 8) | 6 (6, 7) | |||
| 4–9 | 4–9 | 5–9 | 4–9 | |||
| Friday | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | P = 0.480 | |
| 4 (3.5, 4) | 3.5 (3, 4) | 4 (4, 4) | 4 (4, 4) | |||
| 0–6 | 3–5 | 0–6 | 0–5.5 | |||
| Hand-held electronic device use (hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P = 0.002 | |
| 0.9 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0.9) | 0.9 (0, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.9, 2) | |||
| 0–6.1 | 0–4.7 | 0–3.4 | 0–6.1 | |||
| Weekday | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < R, P = 0.033; UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P = 0.038 | |
| 1 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (1, 2) | |||
| 0–7 | 0–5 | 0–4 | 0–7 | |||
| Shabbat | 0.5 ± 1.1 | ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P < 0.001 | |
| 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 1 (0, 2) | |||
| 0–7 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–7 | |||
| All screen use (hand-held devices, computer, TV/Video, hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 2.6 ± 3.2 | 0.9 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 4.6 ± 4.0 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P = 0.002 | |
| 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | 0.9 (0, 0.9) | 1.7 (.9, 4.3) | 3.4 (2.4, 5.6) | |||
| 0–18.4 | 0–14.1 | 0–10.3 | 0–18.4 | |||
| Weekday | 2.8 ± 3.4 | 1 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 3.0 | 4.6 ± 4.20 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < R, P < 0.001; UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P = 0.045 | |
| 2 (1, 3) | 1, (0, 1) | 2 (1, 5) | 3 (2.5, 5.5) | |||
| 0–21 | 0–15 | 0–12 | 0–21 | |||
| Shabbat | 1.4 ± 3.2 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 4.5 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: UO < S, P < 0.001; R < S, P < 0.001 | |
| 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 4 (2, 6) | |||
| 0–21 | 0–9 | 0–2 | 0–21 | |||
| Writing and reading printed material (hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | P = 0.429 | |
| 2 (1.1, 3) | 2.1 (1.1, 3) | 2 (1, 2.9) | 2 (1.1, 3.1) | |||
| 0–12 | 0.1–12 | 0–11.7 | 0–10.1 | |||
| Weekday | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 3.0 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | P = 0.380 | |
| 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | |||
| 0–13 | 0–12 | 0–13 | 0–10 | |||
| Shabbat | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | P = 0.287 | |
| 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | |||
| 0–12 | 0–12 | 0–7 | 0–11 | |||
| All near work, printed and electronic < 40 cm (reading, writing, hand-held electronic devices, hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 3.0 | P = 0.429 | |
| 2.9 (1.9, 3.9) | 2.9 (1.9, 3.7) | 2.7 (1.9, 3.9) | 3 (2, 4.5) | |||
| 0.1–16.7 | 0.1–16.7 | 0.9–11.7 | 1–16.3 | |||
| Weekday | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 3.4 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 3.0 | P = 0.696 | |
| 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | |||
| 0–17 | 0–17 | 1–13 | 1–16 | |||
| Shabbat | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 3.7 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: S > R, P < 0.001; S > UO, P < 0.001 | |
| 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 2) | 3 (2, 4) | |||
| 0–18 | 0–15 | 0–7 | 0–18 | |||
| Intermediate near work 40-100 cm (card and board games, computer use, hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | P = 0.006 Post-hoc: S > UO, P = 0.004 | |
| 2 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.3 (1, 2) | 2 (1.1, 2.7) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.1) | |||
| 0–11.3 | 0.1–6.3 | 0.1–7.9 | 0–11.3 | |||
| Weekday | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 2.3 | P = 0.01 Post-hoc: R > UO, P = 0.04; S > UO, P = 0.01 | |
| 2 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | |||
| 0–11 | 0–6 | 0–8 | 0–11 | |||
| Shabbat | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: S > UO, P < 0.001; S > R, P < 0.001 | |
| 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | 3 (2, 3.5) | |||
| 0–13 | 0–8 | 0–7 | 0–13 | |||
| Far viewing (television and video games) > 100 cm (hours per day) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: S > R, P < 0.001; S > UO, P < 0.001; R > UO, P = 0.004 | |
| 0 (0, 10.1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1.7) | 1.1 (1, 2) | |||
| 0–6.1 | 0–5.4 | 0–5.1 | 0–6.1 | |||
| Weekday | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: S > R, P = 0.002; S > UO, P < 0.001; R > UO, P = 0.002 | |
| 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | |||
| 0–7 | 0–6 | 0–6 | 0–7 | |||
| Shabbat | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | P < 0.001 Post-hoc: S > R, P < 0.001; S > UO, P < 0.001 | |
| 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 2 (1, 2.5) | |||
| 0–7 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–7 | |||
Weekdays included Sunday through Friday afternoon, when children were typically in school, and Shabbat included Friday evening through Saturday, when children were out of school. Shabbat begins about one hour before sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday.
SD standard deviation.
†For three families the data were not available due to adoption.