Table 4.
Associations of presence of myopia with exposure and behavioral characteristics of religious group, time outdoors, near work, age learned to read, and hours spent in school (N = 168).
| Exposure and behavioral characteristics | Univariable analysis OR (95% CI) | P value | aMultivariable analysis OR (95% CI) | P value | bAdjusted Analysis OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | P = 0.020 | P = 0.324 | P = 0.549 | |||
| Religious | 0.41 (0.19, 0.89) | P = 0.025 | 0.39 (0.1, 1.49) | P = 0.162 | 0.55 (0.11, 2.67) | P = 0.446 |
| Secular | 0.31 (0.12, 0.78) | P = 0.014 | 0.30 (0.06, 1.64) | P = 0.159 | 0.68 (0.1, 4.48) | P = 0.678 |
| Time outdoors (hours) | 0.64 (0.34, 1.18) | P = 0.145 | 0.76 (0.38, 1.52) | P = 0.419 | 0.68 (0.3, 1.55) | P = 0.348 |
| All near work (hours) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.28) | P = 0.073 | 1.16 (1, 1.34) | P = 0.055 | 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) | P = 0.043 |
| Early readers (< 6 years old) | 2.22 (1.11, 4.42) | P = 0.025 | 0.66 (0.17, 2.57) | P = 0.542 | 0.58 (0.13, 2.68) | P = 0.472 |
| Time in school (hours) | 1.69 (1.22, 2.35) | P = 0.003 | 1.56 (1.09, 2.25) | P = 0.018 | 1.70 (1.08, 2.67) | P = 0.023 |
Reference categories: Religious group: ultra-Orthodox; Older Readers (> 6 years).
Each model was implemented with numerical and categorical exposure forms included into the model to safeguard model assumptions (not presented).
OR odds ratios, CI confidence intervals.
aMultivariable Analysis: collective effects of exposure and behavioral characteristics without a priori age and parental myopia covariates; bMultivariable models further adjusted for age and parental myopia.
*3 boys with missing parental myopia status.