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. 2022 Dec 8;128(4):691–701. doi: 10.1038/s41416-022-02074-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Co-treatment with DAC and ATRA inhibited the cellular viability of MDS-L and MOLM-13 cells. The cells were measured by CellTiter-Lumi™ Assay after treatment with DAC and/or ATRA at the indicated concentrations for 48 h. b Combined treatment with DAC and ATRA enhanced the apoptosis of MDS-L and MOLM-13 cells. The cells were treated with DAC and/or ATRA at the indicated concentrations for 48 h and co-stained with annexin V and PI, after which apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The results are presented as bar graphs (n = 3). c The expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP increased significantly after treatment with a combined strategy compared to the single drug treatment. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP was determined by western blotting and quantified by ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). GAPDH served as a loading control. d Co-treatment with DAC and ATRA significantly inhibited cell viability in primary blast cells of MDS and AML patients as measured by a CellTiter-Lumi™ Assay. The data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.