Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios for healthcare access measures among low-income adults by smoking status and year: Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey, 2012-2019a.
| Access measure | Year | Current smokers aOR (95 % CI) | p-value for trend | Former smokers aOR (95 % CI) | p-value for trend | Never smokers aOR (95 % CI) | p-value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty paying medical bills | 2012 (Ref) | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| 2015 | 0.62 (0.43–0.89) | 0.66 (0.42–1.01) | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | ||||
| 2017 | 0.57 (0.39–0.83) | 0.65 (0.42–1.02) | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | ||||
| 2019 | 0.57 (0.37–0.87) | 0.63 (0.38–1.03) | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | ||||
| Unmet other health care needs | 2012 (Ref) | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| 2015 | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | 0.56 (0.32–1.00) | 0.68 (0.55–0.84) | ||||
| 2017 | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 0.55 (0.31–0.99) | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | ||||
| 2019 | 0.47 (0.27–0.83) | 0.44 (0.23–0.84) | 0.51 (0.40–0.65) | ||||
| Unmet mental, emotional, and counseling care needs | 2012 (Ref) | 1.0 | 0.006 | 1.0 | 0.380 | 1.0 | 0.004 |
| 2015 | 0.71 (0.38–1.33) | 0.64 (0.30–1.34) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | ||||
| 2017 | 0.95 (0.51–1.75) | 0.63 (0.30–1.31) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) | ||||
| 2019 | 1.26 (0.67–2.38) | 1.18 (0.56–2.50) | 1.33 (1.01–1.76) | ||||
| Unmet dental care needs | 2012 (Ref) | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| 2015 | 0.67 (0.45–1.01) | 0.76 (0.48–1.23) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | ||||
| 2017 | 0.53 (0.35–0.81) | 0.50 (0.30–0.82) | 0.58 (0.49–0.70) | ||||
| 2019 | 0.65 (0.40–1.05) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | ||||
| Having no usual source of care | 2012 (Ref) | 1.0 | 0.437 | 1.0 | 0.179 | 1.0 | 0.008 |
| 2015 | 0.78 (0.44–1.38) | 0.69 (0.34–1.43) | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | ||||
| 2017 | 0.84 (0.47–1.48) | 0.82 (0.40–1.69) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | ||||
| 2019 | 0.87 (0.47–1.62) | 0.70 (0.32–1.53) | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) | ||||
a
Data were obtained from the Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey, a survey representative of Ohio’s population pooled across four consecutive cycles in 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2019. All analyses were survey-weighted and adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, county type, educational attainment, and presence of frequent mental distress. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data due to item nonresponse. Adjusted odds ratios and standard errors across the imputed datasets were obtained using Rubin’s rules. (Rubin, 1987).