Table 3.
Classification of goal setting outcomes using the Self-Determination Theory, rows 1–4 indicating the framework and rows 5–6 indicating the classification of the goal setting outcomes within this framework (Adapted from Ryan & Deci, 2000).
| Behaviour | Non-self-determined Self-determined | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motivation | Amotivation | Extrinsic motivation | Intrinsic motivation | |||
| Controlled | Controlled | Autonomous | Autonomous | Autonomous | ||
| Regulatory styles | Non regulation | External regulation | Introjected regulation | Identified regulation | Integrated regulation | Intrinsic regulation |
| Perceived locus of causality | Impersonal | External | Somewhat external | Somewhat internal | Internal | Inherent |
| Relevant regulatory processes (and theoretical examples) | Non-intentional, non-valuing, incompetence, lack of control | Compliance, external awards and avoid punishment | Self-control, ego involvement, internal awards and punishments, sense of obligation | Personal importance, conscious valuing, achieve personal goals | Congruence, awareness, synthesis with self | Interest, enjoyment, inherent satisfaction |
| Maintenance (project examples) | None | None | Keep healthy, Maintain physical activity Maintain mobilityPrevention of disease and decline (ageing) | Live long with a good quality of lifeNeed to keep going Maintain functional health (mobility) Maintain mental health (positive outlook)Prevention of disease and decline (dementia) | Continue activity (dancing) Feel good FunInterest | |
| Improvement (Project examples) | None | None | Looking fitter | Improve healthImprove physical activity levels | Improve functional activity (e.g., flexibility)Improve mental health (stress) | Increase fitness for physical activity (trekking) Feel better |