Table 2.

Acute inflammatory phase mediators involved in OA

Cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, 1L-17, TNF-α

Metalloproteinases: MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAM-TS5

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Caspases

Inflammatory cells (M1-macrophages, lymphocytes)

Cartilage degradation products (proteoglycan, collagen)

Innate immune cells