Table 3.
Cumulative average of post-diagnostic energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake from different sources in relation to mortality after breast cancer diagnosis (n = 8,932 women, 2,523 deaths including 1,071 deaths from breast cancer), Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II
| Quintile | Median of intake (grams) |
Breast cancer-specific mortality | All-cause mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of deaths |
Model 1 | Model 2 | No. of deaths |
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Carbohydrate from fruits | |||||||
| 1 | 14.2 | 207 | 1 | 1 | 481 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 23.8 | 214 | 0.99 (0.82-1.20) | 1.20 (0.99-1.46) | 494 | 0.95 (0.84-1.08) | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) |
| 3 | 31.5 | 213 | 0.95 (0.78-1.15) | 1.14 (0.94-1.39) | 485 | 0.85 (0.75-0.97) | 1.04 (0.91-1.18) |
| 4 | 40.3 | 225 | 1.01 (0.83-1.22) | 1.23 (1.01-1.49) | 521 | 0.88 (0.77-0.99) | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) |
| 5 | 55.5 | 212 | 0.95 (0.78-1.16) | 1.02 (0.83-1.25) | 542 | 0.84 (0.74-0.95) | 0.97 (0.85-1.11) |
| P trend | 0.71 | 0.99 | 0.004 | 0.42 | |||
| Carbohydrate from fruit juice | |||||||
| 1 | 0.9 | 201 | 1 | 1 | 448 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 3.7 | 182 | 0.86 (0.70-1.05) | 1.02 (0.83-1.25) | 431 | 0.94 (0.82-1.07) | 0.98 (0.86-1.12) |
| 3 | 7.7 | 194 | 0.89 (0.73-1.08) | 1.07 (0.88-1.31) | 476 | 0.98 (0.86-1.12) | 1.06 (0.93-1.21) |
| 4 | 13.1 | 234 | 1.05 (0.86-1.26) | 1.23 (1.01-1.49) | 543 | 1.03 (0.90-1.16) | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) |
| 5 | 23.3 | 260 | 1.16 (0.96-1.39) | 1.24 (1.02-1.50) | 625 | 1.09 (0.96-1.23) | 1.15 (1.01-1.30) |
| P trend | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.03 | 0.008 | |||
| Carbohydrate from vegetables | |||||||
| 1 | 8.0 | 225 | 1 | 1 | 596 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 204 | 0.88 (0.73-1.06) | 0.88 (0.73-1.07) | 523 | 0.89 (0.79-1.00) | 0.94 (0.83-1.06) |
| 3 | 14.4 | 219 | 0.94 (0.78-1.13) | 0.95 (0.79-1.15) | 489 | 0.85 (0.75-0.95) | 0.92 (0.82-1.04) |
| 4 | 17.7 | 220 | 0.95 (0.79-1.15) | 0.92 (0.76-1.11) | 467 | 0.83 (0.74-0.94) | 0.89 (0.78-1.00) |
| 5 | 23.9 | 203 | 0.91 (0.75-1.10) | 0.84 (0.69-1.02) | 448 | 0.83 (0.73-0.93) | 0.86 (0.75-0.97) |
| P trend | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.002 | 0.01 | |||
| Carbohydrate from whole grains | |||||||
| 1 | 5.7 | 298 | 1 | 1 | 615 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 217 | 0.79 (0.66-0.94) | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) | 512 | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 0.97 (0.86-1.09) |
| 3 | 18.6 | 197 | 0.74 (0.61-0.88) | 1.08 (0.89-1.30) | 508 | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) |
| 4 | 25.9 | 165 | 0.65 (0.54-0.79) | 1.04 (0.85-1.29) | 426 | 0.75 (0.66-0.85) | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) |
| 5 | 38.3 | 194 | 0.80 (0.66-0.97) | 1.12 (0.91-1.37) | 462 | 0.80 (0.71-0.91) | 0.92 (0.80-1.05) |
| P trend | 0.01 | 0.36 | <0.0001 | 0.13 | |||
| Carbohydrate from refined grains | |||||||
| 1 | 25.7 | 212 | 1 | 1 | 499 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 35.4 | 213 | 0.93 (0.77-1.13) | 1.08 (0.89-1.31) | 506 | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | 1.10 (0.97-1.24) |
| 3 | 42.7 | 233 | 0.99 (0.82-1.20) | 1.19 (0.99-1.44) | 543 | 1.11 (0.98-1.25) | 1.20 (1.06-1.36) |
| 4 | 50.7 | 207 | 0.89 (0.73-1.08) | 1.03 (0.85-1.25) | 493 | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) |
| 5 | 64.7 | 206 | 0.92 (0.76-1.12) | 0.96 (0.79-1.18) | 482 | 1.13 (0.99-1.28) | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) |
| P trend | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||
| Carbohydrate from legumes | |||||||
| 1 | 2.1 | 226 | 1 | 1 | 540 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 3.7 | 223 | 0.98 (0.81-1.18) | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) | 509 | 0.97 (0.86-1.09) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) |
| 3 | 5.1 | 211 | 0.92 (0.76-1.10) | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) | 533 | 0.99 (0.88-1.12) | 1.12 (0.99-1.27) |
| 4 | 6.7 | 196 | 0.87 (0.72-1.05) | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 470 | 0.89 (0.79-1.01) | 0.99 (0.87-1.12) |
| 5 | 10.5 | 215 | 1.01 (0.83-1.21) | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 471 | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 0.99 (0.88-1.13) |
| P trend | 0.92 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.47 | |||
| Carbohydrate from potatoes | |||||||
| 1 | 4.0 | 183 | 1 | 1 | 446 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 7.9 | 231 | 1.18 (0.97-1.44) | 1.23 (1.01-1.49) | 503 | 1.13 (0.99-1.28) | 1.11 (0.97-1.26) |
| 3 | 11.6 | 202 | 1.01 (0.83-1.24) | 1.15 (0.94-1.42) | 506 | 1.12 (0.98-1.27) | 1.11 (0.97-1.26) |
| 4 | 15.9 | 216 | 1.07 (0.88-1.30) | 1.16 (0.95-1.41) | 512 | 1.14 (1.00-1.29) | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) |
| 5 | 24.0 | 239 | 1.20 (0.99-1.46) | 1.25 (1.02-1.52) | 556 | 1.22 (1.08-1.38) | 1.13 (0.99-1.28) |
| P trend | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.005 | 0.14 | |||
Model 1 was stratified by cohort and adjusted for age at diagnosis (year) and calendar year of diagnosis.
Model 2 was stratified by cohort and adjusted for age at diagnosis (year), calendar year of diagnosis, time between diagnosis and first FFQ (year), calendar year at start of follow-up of each-2-year questionnaire cycle, pre-diagnostic BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <25.0, 25.0 to <30, 30 to <35, ≥35 kg/m2, missing), BMI change after diagnosis [no change (≥−0.5 to ≤0.5 kg/m2), decrease (<−0.5 kg/m2), increase (>0.5-2 kg/m2), increase (>2 kg/m2), missing], post-diagnostic smoking (never, past, current 1-14 cigarettes/day, current 15-24 cigarettes/day, current ≥25 cigarettes/day, missing), post-diagnostic physical activity (<5, 5 to <11.5, 11.5 to <22, ≥22 MET-h/week, missing), oral contraceptive use (ever, never), post-diagnostic alcohol consumption (<0.15, 0.15 to <2.0, 2.0 to 7.5, ≥7.5 g/day), post-diagnostic total energy intake (quintiles, kcal/day), pre-diagnostic menopausal status, age at menopause, and postmenopausal hormone use status (premenopausal; postmenopausal, age at menopause<50 year, and never postmenopausal hormone use; postmenopausal, age at menopause<50 year, and past postmenopausal hormone use; postmenopausal, age at menopause<50 year, and current postmenopausal hormone use; postmenopausal, age at menopause≥50 year, and never postmenopausal hormone use; postmenopausal, age at menopause≥50 year, and past postmenopausal hormone use; postmenopausal, age at menopause≥50 year, and current postmenopausal hormone use; missing), post-diagnostic aspirin use (never, past, current, missing), race (non-Hispanic white, other), stage of disease (I, II, III), ER/PR status (ER/PR positive, ER positive and PR negative, ER/PR negative, missing), radiotherapy (yes, no, missing), chemotherapy (yes, no, missing), and hormonal treatment (yes, no, missing).