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. 2023 Feb 18;14:930. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36546-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–c The associations between total MVPA volume and mortality outcomes. The hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, recruitment center, education level, the season of accelerometer wear, smoking status, alcohol intake, healthy diet score, sleep duration (<7, 7–8 h, >8 h), and sleep midpoint. d–f The associations between MVPA within three time windows and mortality outcomes. The HRs were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, recruitment center, education level, the season of accelerometer wear, smoking status, alcohol intake, healthy diet score, sleep duration (<7, 7–8, >8 h), sleep midpoint, and MVPA volume during other two time windows. g–i The associations between the fractions of MVPA within three time windows with mortality risk (indicating MVPA timing effects). The HRs were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, recruitment center, education level, the season of accelerometer wear, healthy diet score, smoking status, alcohol intake, sleep duration (<7, 7–8, >8 h), sleep midpoint, and total MVPA volume. CVD cardiovascular disease, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity. Error bands represent the 95% confidence intervals for each effect estimate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.