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. 2023 Feb 18;14:930. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36546-5

Fig. 2. Subgroup analysis on the associations between favorable timing of MVPA (midday-afternoon & mixed vs. morning & evening) and mortality risk stratified by age and sex categories.

Fig. 2

aP values remained significant after multiple testing with the FDR method. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine the associations, which were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, recruitment center, education level, the season of accelerometer wear, smoking status, alcohol intake, healthy diet score, sleep duration (<7, 7–8, >8 h), sleep midpoint, and total MVPA volume (Model 3). According to their associations with mortality (Table 2), four timing groups were combined into two groups: (1) favorable timing of MVPA (i.e., midday-afternoon or mixed); (2) unfavorable (i.e., morning or evening). This combination method facilitated the analysis and interpretation of multiplicative and additive interaction effects, which was widely used in previous studies [Shan et al. BMJ, 2018.; Huang et al. Br J Sports Med. 2021]. CVD cardiovascular disease, CI confidence interval, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity. Error bars represent the 95% CIs for each effect estimate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.