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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Biotechnol. 2022 Aug 19;41(4):511–527. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.07.011

Figure I. Representative joint components developed in OoC or organoids.

Figure I

(A) Cartilage tissue created from human chondrocytes in a microfluidic chip. scale bar = 100 µm. Reproduced with permission from [28]. (B,C) Osteochondral tissue engineered from human MSCs in a dual-flow chip. Scale bar = 1 mm. Reproduced with permission from [35]. (D) Cartilage-synovium (with endothelial channel) chip. SF: synovial fibroblast, EC: endothelial cell, Chon: chondrocytes. Scale bar = 200 µm. Reproduced with permission from [27]. (E) Adipose tissue engineered from adipose-derived stem cells in a microfluidic chip. Scale bar = 50 µm. Reproduced with permission from [45]. (F) An osteochondral organoid formed after four weeks of subcutaneous implantation, with the cartilage layer from human iPSC (cartilage layer) and the bone layer from human periosteum-derived cells. OCN: osteocalcin. C: cartilage, RC: remodeling cartilage, B: bone. Scale bar = 500 μm (overview images) or 100 μm (magnified view indicated by dashed borders). Reproduced with permission from [91]. (G) Cartilage organoids derived from human MSCs. Scale bar = 50μm. Reproduced with permission from [89]. (H) Bone organoids derived from human MSCs. ALP: alkaline phosphatase. Scale bar= 0.5 mm (Alizarin Red) or 100 μm (ALP immunostaining). Reproduced with permission from [89].