Table 2.
Estimated Odds Ratios of Dementia, HRS 2000–2018
| Contemporaneous living alone | Cumulative living alone | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Male | Female | All | Male | Female | |
| Level 1 | ||||||
| Living alone | 0.829 | 1.179 | 0.705** | 1.097*** | 1.111* | 1.088*** |
| (0.675, 1.018) | (0.816, 1.704) | (0.551, 0.903) | (1.052, 1.143) | (1.020, 1.211) | (1.042, 1.136) | |
| Non-married status | 1.465*** | 1.663** | 1.218 | 1.073 | 1.494** | 0.816 |
| (1.186, 1.809) | (1.180, 2.343) | (0.935, 1.586) | (0.890, 1.294) | (1.106, 2.017) | (0.646, 1.032) | |
| Age | 1.145*** | 1.145*** | 1.150*** | 1.141*** | 1.144*** | 1.144*** |
| (1.131, 1.160) | (1.122, 1.168) | (1.130, 1.169) | (1.127, 1.156) | (1.122, 1.166) | (1.124, 1.163) | |
| Family size | 0.993 | 1.015 | 0.978 | 0.997 | 1.018 | 0.983 |
| (number of children + number of siblings) | (0.966, 1.020) | (0.973, 1.058) | (0.945, 1.012) | (0.971, 1.024) | (0.976, 1.060) | (0.951, 1.017) |
| Log of household income | 0.813*** | 0.760*** | 0.840*** | 0.810*** | 0.763*** | 0.834*** |
| (0.774, 0.853) | (0.699, 0.827) | (0.793, 0.890) | (0.772, 0.851) | (0.701, 0.829) | (0.788, 0.883) | |
| Log of household wealth | 1.319*** | 1.220* | 1.391*** | 1.230*** | 1.194 | 1.250** |
| (1.181, 1.474) | (1.020, 1.459) | (1.207, 1.603) | (1.099, 1.378) | (0.996, 1.431) | (1.082, 1.443) | |
| Activities of daily living | 1.126* | 1.135 | 1.123 | 1.109 | 1.134 | 1.097 |
| (0–5) | (1.008, 1.257) | (0.955, 1.349) | (0.975, 1.293) | (0.992, 1.239) | (0.953, 1.349) | (0.952, 1.264) |
| Cerebrovascular disease burden | 1.106* | 1.092 | 1.127* | 1.101* | 1.086 | 1.115* |
| (0–4) | (1.015, 1.206) | (0.941, 1.267) | (1.025, 1.239) | (1.010, 1.199) | (0.937, 1.258) | (1.014, 1.227) |
| Social engagement | 0.678*** | 0.736*** | 0.641*** | 0.675*** | 0.736*** | 0.634*** |
| (0–3) | (0.616, 0.746) | (0.639, 0.848) | (0.561, 0.732) | (0.613, 0.742) | (0.640, 0.847) | (0.555, 0.724) |
| Perceived social support | 1.144 | 1.068 | 1.211* | 1.156* | 1.071 | 1.231* |
| (0.995, 1.315) | (0.857, 1.331) | (1.014, 1.446) | (1.005, 1.329) | (0.859, 1.336) | (1.031, 1.470) | |
| Level 2 | ||||||
| Female (=1) | 0.851 | 0.837 | ||||
| (0.709, 1.021) | (0.697, 1.006) | |||||
| Education | 0.286*** | 0.275*** | 0.301*** | 0.284*** | 0.272*** | 0.302*** |
| (1 if years of education≥12) | (0.237, 0.345) | (0.202, 0.374) | (0.241, 0.377) | (0.236, 0.343) | (0.200, 0.369) | (0.241, 0.378) |
| NH White (=1) | 0.285*** | 0.382*** | 0.235*** | 0.284*** | 0.389*** | 0.227*** |
| (0.233, 0.350) | (0.272, 0.537) | (0.183, 0.301) | (0.232, 0.349) | (0.276, 0.548) | (0.177, 0.292) | |
| Ever interviewed with proxy | 2.345*** | 2.253*** | 2.527*** | 2.463*** | 2.347*** | 2.662*** |
| (1.944, 2.829) | (1.712, 2.963) | (1.946, 3.281) | (2.038, 2.976) | (1.782, 3.089) | (2.043, 3.470) | |
| Foreign-born (=1) | 0.566*** | 0.478** | 0.639* | 0.583*** | 0.490** | 0.658* |
| (0.426, 0.753) | (0.303, 0.756) | (0.446, 0.916) | (0.438, 0.776) | (0.309, 0.775) | (0.459, 0.944) | |
| Constant | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** |
| (0.000, 0.000) | (0.000, 0.000) | (0.000, 0.000) | (0.000, 0.000) | (0.000, 0.000) | (0.000, 0.000) | |
| Variance of intercept | 3.954*** | 4.383*** | 3.594*** | 4.003*** | 4.428*** | 3.628*** |
| Person-waves | 78,490 | 33,771 | 44,719 | 78,490 | 33,771 | 44,719 |
| Number of persons | 18,171 | 8,039 | 10,132 | 18,171 | 8,039 | 10,132 |
Notes: HRS = Health and Retirement Study. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.