Table 3.
Results of the variables reviewed in the 83 studies reviewed
| Correlation | Regression | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | N | E | A | C | O | N | E | A | C | O | Years |
| Manlove [111] |
+ EE (r, 0.40**) + D (r, 0.38**) − PA (r, − 0.25**) |
+ EE*** + D*** − PA** |
1993 | ||||||||
| Deary et al. [48] |
+ EE (r, 0.56**) + D (r, 0.40**) − PA (r, − 0.35**) |
+ PA (r, 0.27**) |
− D (r, − 0.21**) |
+ PA (r, 0.20**) |
+ PA (r, 0.15**) |
1996 | |||||
| Deary et al. [112] |
+ EE (r, 0.76***) + D (r, 0.71***) |
1996 | |||||||||
| Mills et al. [60] |
+ EE (T1) (r, 0.50**) + EE (T2) (r, 0.43**) + D (T1) (r, 0.34**) + D (T2) (r, 0.23**) − rPA (T1) (r, − 0.31**) − rPA (T2) (r, − 0.29**) |
− EE (T1) (r, − 0.24**) − EE (T2) (r, − 0.22**) + rPA (T1) (r, 0.48**) + rPA (T2) (r, 0.42**) |
− EE (T1) (r, − 0.24**) − EE (T2) (r, − 0.23*) − D (T1) (r, − 0.36**) − D (T2) (r, − 0.25*) |
− EE (T1) (r, − 0.37*) − EE (T2) (r, − 0.12*) + rPA (r, 0.19*) |
− EE (T1) (β, − 0.26*) + rPA (T1) (β, 0.45*) |
− D (T1) (β, − 0.31*) |
1998 | ||||
| Zellars et al. [113] |
+ EE (r, 0.50*) + D (r, 0.23*) − rPA (r, 0.23*) |
− EE (r, − 0.25*) −D (r, − 0.30*) − rPA (r, − 0.28*) |
− EE (r, − 0.29*) −D (r, − 0.37*) − rPA (r, − 0.19*) |
−rPA (r, − 0.24*) |
+ EE (β, 0.32***) |
− D (β, − 0.20***) − rPA (β, − 0.18**) |
− D (β, − 0.32***) |
−D (β, −0.11*) −rPA (β, −0.25***) |
2000 | ||
| Zellars et al. [53] |
+ EE (r, 0.48**) + D (r, 0.38**) + rPA (r, 0.30**) |
−EE (r, −0.24**) −D (r, −0.19**) −rPA (r, −0.37**) |
−EE (r, −0.24**) −D (r, −0.39**) −rPA (r, −0.29**) |
+ EE (β, 0.34**) + D (β, 0.24**) |
−rPA (β, −0.21**) |
− D (β, −0.28**) −rPA (β, −0.11**) |
2001 | ||||
| De Vries et al. [114] |
−EE (r, −0.34**) |
−EE (r, −0.13**) |
2002 | ||||||||
| McManus et al. [50] |
+ EE (r, 0.47**) + D (r, 0.38**) + rPA (r, 0.30**) |
− EE (r, − 0.24**) − D (r, − 0.19**) − rPA (r, − 0.37**) |
+ EE (β, 0.37**) + D (β, 0.30**) |
− rPA (β, − 0.28**) |
2004 | ||||||
| Zellars et al. [52] |
T1 + EE (T2) (r, 0.233***) T1 + D (T2) (r, 0.103***) T2 + EE (T2) (r, 0.378***) T2 + D (T2) (r, 0.235***) T2 + PA (T2) (r, 0.090***) |
T1−EE (T2) (r, − 0.190***) T1−D (T2) (r, − 0.137***) T1−PA (T2) (r, − 0.077***) T2−EE (T2) (r, − 0.262***) T2−D (T2) (r, − 0.171***) T2−PA (T2) (r, − 0.152***) |
T1−D (T2) (r, − 0.240***) T1−PA (r, − 0.091***) T2−EE (T2) (r, − 0.094***) T2−D (T2) (r, − 0.322***) T2−PA (r, − 0.082***) |
T1−EE (T2) (r, − 0.088**) T1−D (T2) (r, − 0.121***) T2−EE (r, − 0.129***) T2−D (r, − 0.165***) |
T1 + PA (r, 0.096**) T2 + PA (r, 0.127***) |
2004 | |||||
| Cano-García et al. [115] |
+ EE (β, 0.71***) |
−D (β, − 0.37*) + PA (β, 0.58***) |
2005 | ||||||||
| Burke et al. [116] |
−EE (r, − 0.19*) −C (r, − 0.19*) |
−EE (r, − 0.12*) −C (r, − 0.18*) |
−EE (r, − 0.23*) −C (r, − 0.31*) |
− EE (β, − 0.05*) |
− EE (β, − 0.18***) − C (β, − 0.28***) |
2006 | |||||
| Goddard et al. [57] |
+ B (r, 0.45***) |
− B (r, − 0.16***) |
− B (r, − 0.24***) |
− B (r, − 0.12*) |
+ B (β, 0.24***) |
− B (β, − 0.08***) |
− B (β, − 0.09***) |
+ B (β, 0.11***) |
2006 | ||
| Langelaan et al. [117] |
+ EE (r, 0.50**) + C (r, 0.48**) |
+ EE (r, − 0.33**) + C (r, − 0.37**) |
+ EE (β, 0.81***) |
2006 | |||||||
| Mostert et al. [118] |
+ EE (T4) (β, 0.19**) − PA (β, − 0.17*) |
2006 | |||||||||
| Bahner et al. [119] |
+ EE (r, 0.44**) + C (r, 0.39**) |
− EE (r, − 0.24**) − C (r, − 0.20**) + PA (r, 0.23**) |
− EE (r, − 0.24**) − C (r, − 0.33**) + PA (r, 0.41**) |
+ PA (r, 0.34**) |
+ PA (r, 0.23**) |
+ EE (β, 0.32**) + C (β, 0.30**) |
− EE (β, − 0.13*) |
− C (β, − 0.24**) + PA (β, 0.28**) |
+ PA (β, 0.24**) |
2007 | |
| Ghorpade et al. [120] |
− EE (r, − 0.213***) + PA (r, 0.221***) |
− EE (r, − 0.135***) − D (r, − 0.438***) + PA (r, 0.356***) |
− D (r, − 0.164***) + PA (r, 0.307***) |
+ PA (r, 0.251***) |
− EE (M2; β, − 1.600**; M7; β, − 1.563**) + PA (M2; β, − 1.479***; M7; β, − 0.961**) |
− EE (M4; β, − 2.685**) − D (M4; β, − 3.134***; M7; β, − 2.732***) − PA (M4; β, − 3.209***; M7; β, − 1.903***) |
+ PA (M3; β, − 2.119***; M7; β, − 1.398***) |
+ EE (M7; β, 1.960**) + PA (M5; β, − 2.011***) |
2007 | ||
| Kim et al. [121] |
− D (β, − 3.77*) |
2007 | |||||||||
| Teven, [122] |
+ EE (r, 0.50*) + D (r, 0.39*) + rPA (r, 0.38*) |
− D (r, − 0.13*) − rPA (r, − 0.40*) |
− D (r, − 0.37*) |
− EE (r, − 0.41*) − D (r, − 0.54*) |
+ EE (r, 0.08*) |
2007 | |||||
| Leon et al. [123] |
+ EE (r, 0.38**) + D (r, 0.38**) − PA (r, − 0.31**) |
− EE (r, − 0.18**) − D (r, − 0.14*) + PA (r, 0.30**) |
2008 | ||||||||
| Chung et al. [124] |
− rPA (r, − 0.442***) |
− PA (β, − 0.395**) |
2009 | ||||||||
| De Hoogh et al. [125] |
+ EE (r, 0.40**) + C (r, 0.38**) − PA (r, − 0.17*) |
+ C (r, 0.21**) |
− C (r, − 0.28**) |
− C (r, − 0.24**) + PA (r, 0.41**) |
+ B (β, 0.35**) + EE (β, 0.38**) + C (β, 0.24*) |
2009 | |||||
| Gandoy− Crego et al. [126] |
+ EE (r, 0.41***) + D (r, 0.50***) |
+ EE (β, 0.20**) + D (β, 0.34***) |
2009 | ||||||||
| Kim et al. [127] |
+ EE (β, 0.33***) − PA (β, − 0.27**) |
− EE (β, − 0.20*) + PA (β, 0.26*) |
+ D (β, 0.24*) |
2009 | |||||||
| Taormina et al. [128] |
+ B (S1) (r, 0.56**) + B (S2) (r, 0.65**) |
2009 | |||||||||
| Barford et al. [129] |
− EE (r, − 0.25**) |
− EE (S1) (β, − 0.20**) |
2010 | ||||||||
| Perry et al. [51] |
+ EE (β, 0.27**) + D (β, 0.21*) − PA (β, − 0.27*) |
+ PA (β, 0.27*) |
− D (β, − 0.23*) |
+ PA (β, 0.25*) |
2010 | ||||||
| Ghorpade et al. [130] |
+ EE (r, 0.35*) + D (r, 0.24*) − PA (r, − 0.23*) |
− EE (r, − 0.20*) + PA (r, 0.30*) |
− D (r, − 0.30*) + PA (r, 0.32*) |
− D (r, − 0.19*) − PA (r, − 0.20*) |
+ EE (β, 0.20*) + D (β, 0.23*) + PA (β, 0.20*) |
+ EE (β, 0.25*) + PA (β, 0.18*) |
+ EE (β, 0.23*) + D (β, 0.25*) + PA (β, 0.22*) |
+ EE (β, 0.18*) + D (β, 0.18*) |
2011 | ||
| Hudek− Knežević et al. [59] |
+ EE (T1) (r, 0.39*) + EE (T2) (r, 0.34*) |
+ EE (T2) (M1; β, 0.31***; M2; β, 0.15**) |
2011 | ||||||||
| Salami, [131] |
− EE (r, − 0.21**) + PA (r, 0.22**) |
− EE (r, − 0.14*) − D (r, − 0.44**) + PA (r, 0.36**) |
− D (r, − 0.16**) + PA (r, 0.31**) |
+ PA (r, 0.25**) |
− EE (β, − 1.24*) |
+ PA (β, 2.02**) |
2011 | ||||
| Sterud et al. [61] |
− rPA (T2) (r, − 0.27**) |
− rPA (T2) (r, − 0.19*) |
− rPA (T2) (β, − 0.28**) |
− rPA (T2) (β, 0.10*) |
2011 | ||||||
| Armon et al. [54] |
+ B (r, 0.35*) |
2012 | |||||||||
| Zimmerman et al. [132] |
+ B (T1) (r, 0.25*) + B (T2) (r, 0.20*) + EE (T1) (r, 0.28*) + EE (T2) (r, 0.21*) |
+ B (T1) (r, 0.28*) + B (T2) (r, 0.25*) + EE (T1) (r, 0.23*) + EE (T2) (r, 0.22*) |
− B (T1) (r, − 0.07*) − EE (T1) (r, − 0.21*) − EE (T2) (r, − 0.18*) |
− B (T1) (r, − 0.12*) − B (T2) (r, − 0.12*) − EE (T2) (r, − 0.09*) |
+ EE (T1) (r, 0.08*) + EE (T2) (r, 0.07*) |
+ B (T1) (β, 0.21*) − EE (T1) (β, − 0.18*) − EE (T2) (β, − 0.21*) |
− B (T1) (β, − 0.16*) |
+ B (T1) (β, 0.16*) − EE (T1) (β, − 0.83*) − EE (T2) (β, − 0.48*) |
− B (T1) (β, − 0.21*) + EE (T1) (β, 0.34*) + EE (T2) (β, 0.18*) |
2012 | |
| De la Fuente Solana et al. [133] |
+ EE (r, 0.50***) + D (r, 0.39***) − PA (r, − 0.45***) |
− EE (r, − 0.36***) − D (r, − 0.29***) + PA (r, 0.43***) |
− EE (r, − 0.45***) − D (r, − 0.45***) + PA (r, 0.33***) |
− EE (r, − 0.34***) − D (r, − 0.31***) + PA (r, 0.51***) |
+ PA (r, 0.14***) |
+ EE (β, 0.50***) + D (β, 0.18***) |
+ PA (β, 0.30***) |
− EE (β, − 0.48***) − D (β, − 0.27***) + PA (β, 0.22**) |
+ PA (β, 0.40***) |
2013 | |
| Garbarino et al. [134] |
+ PA (M2; β, 0.15**; M3; β, 0.14**; M4; β, 0.15**; M5; β, 0.14**) |
− D (M2; β, − 0.23***; M3; β, − 0.24***; M4; β, − 0.24***; M5; β, − 0.24***) + PA (M2; β, 0.26***; M3; β, 0.27***; M4; β, 0.26***; M5; β, 0.27***) |
+ PA (M2; β, 0.23***; M3; β, 0.24***; M4; β, 0.23***; M5; β, 0.24***) |
+ PA (M2; β, 0.17**; M3; β, 0.16**; M4; β, 0.17**; M5; β, 0.16**) |
2013 | ||||||
| Hurt et al. [135] |
+ EE (r, 0.380***) + C (r, 0.254**) − PA (r, − 0.338***) |
− C (r, − 0.315***) + PA (r, 0.413***) |
+ PA (r, 0.322***) |
− C (r, − 0.208*) + PA (r, 0.369***) |
2013 | ||||||
| Lin et al. [136] |
+ EE (r, 0.432***) + D (r, 0.266***) − PA (r, − 0.197**) |
− EE (r, − 0.174**) + PA (r, 0.137*) |
+ EE (β, 0.25***) |
2013 | |||||||
| Gan et al. [56] |
+ B (r, 0.418**) |
− B (r, − 0.173*) |
− B (r, − 0.181*) |
− B (r, − 0.237**) |
2014 | ||||||
| Reinke et al. [137] |
+ EE (T1) (r, 0.18)† + EE (T2) (r, 0.20)† + EE (T3) (r, 0.20)† + C (T1) (r, 0.21)† + rPA(T1) (r, 0.23)† + rPA(T2) (r, 0.18)† + rPA(T3) (r, 0.17)† |
− EE (T1) (r, − 0.25)† − EE (T2) (r, − 0.21)† − EE (T3) (r, − 0.22)† − C (T1) (r, − 0.36)† − C (T2) (r, − 0.25)† − C (T3) (r, − 0.24)† − rPA(T1) (r, − 0.35)† − rPA(T2) (r, − 0.20)† − rPA(T3) (r, − 0.17)† |
− rPA(T1) (r, − 0.40)† − rPA(T2) (r, − 0.33)† − rPA(T3) (r, − 0.30)† |
− EE (T3)† |
− PA (T1)† − PA (T2)† − PA (T3)† |
2014 | |||||
| Taycan et al. [138] |
+ EE (r, 0.43***) + D (r, 0.35***) − PA (r, − 0.28***) |
− EE (r, − 0.20*) − D (r, − 0.25**) + PA (r, 0.27***) |
+ EE (β, 0.36***) + D (β, 0.30***) |
2014 | |||||||
| Yilmaz, [139] |
− EE (r, − 0.14*) − D (r, − 0.17**) − rPA (r, − 0.28**) |
− EE (r, − 0.17**) − D (r, − 0.25**) − rPA (r, − 0.38**) |
− EE (r, − 0.18**) − D (r, − 0.33**) − rPA (r, − 0.37**) |
− D (r, − 0.15**) − rPA (r, − 0.45**) |
2014 | ||||||
| Cañadas− De la Fuente et al. [140] |
+ EE (r, 0.58***) + D (r, 0.41***) − PA (r, − 0.41***) |
− EE (r, − 0.41***) − D (r, − 0.30***) + PA (r, 0.45***) |
− EE (r, − 0.37***) − D (r, − 0.48***) + PA (r, 0.42***) |
− EE (r, − 0.30***) − D (r, − 0.37***) + PA (r, 0.53***) |
− EE (r, − 0.11**) − D (r, − 0.19***) + PA (r, 0.24***) |
+ EE (β, 0.63***) + D (β, 0.13***) − PA (β, − 0.12**) |
− EE (β, − 0.24***) |
− EE (β, − 0.24***) − D (β, − 0.31***) + PA (β, 0.22***) |
− D (β, − 0.11**) + PA (β, 0.38***) |
2015 | |
| Srivastava et al. [141] |
+ B (St1; β, 0.378**; St2; β, 0.390**) |
2015 | |||||||||
| Ang et al. [142] |
+ B (r, 0.10**) |
2016 | |||||||||
| Iorga et al. [143] |
+ EE† + D† + rPA† |
− EE† − D† − rPA† |
+ EE† + D† + rPA† |
+ EE† + D† + rPA† |
+ rPA† | 2016 | |||||
| Vaulerin et al. [144] |
+ EE (r, 0.19**) |
2016 | |||||||||
| Zhou et al. [145] |
+ EE (r, 0.506*) + D (r, 0.368*) |
− D (r, − 0.401*) − PA (r, − 0.372*) |
− D (r, − 0.588**) + PA (r, 0.390*) |
− EE (r, − 0.387*) − D (r, − 0.348*) − PA (r, − 0.554***) |
− D (β, − 0.380*) |
+ PA (β, 0.389*) |
2016 | ||||
| De la Fuente− Solana et al. [146] |
+ EE (r, 0.472***) − D (r, 0.298**) + PA (r, − 0.270**) |
− EE (r, − 0.293***) − D (r, − 0.229*) − PA (r, − 0.361***) |
− EE (r, − 0.380***) − D (r, − 0.583***) + PA (r, 0.531***) |
− EE (r, − 0.343***) − D (r, − 0.405***) + PA (r, 0.612***) |
− EE (r, − 0.276**) − D (r, − 0.278**) + PA (r, 0.286**) |
2017 | |||||
| Geuens et al. [147] |
+ EE (r, 0.56***) − PA (r, − 0.28***) |
− EE (r, − 0.25***) + PA (r, 0.47***) |
− D (r, − 0.25***) + PA (r, 0.37***) |
+ PA (r, 0.22***) |
+ EE (T1) (β, − 0.56***) + EE (T2) (β, − 0.54***) − PA (T2) (β, − 0.23**) |
− D (T1) (β, − 0.22*) |
2017 | ||||
| Iorga et al. [148] |
+ EE (r, 0.475***) + D (r, 0.231*) − PA (r, − 0.456***) |
− EE (r, − 0.330***) − D (r, − 0.221*) + PA (r, 0.388***) |
− D (r, − 0.313***) + PA (r, 0.368***) |
− D (r, − 0.239**) + PA (r, 0.315***) |
− D (r, − 0.218*) + PA (r, 0.363***) |
+ EE (β, 0.377***) |
2017 | ||||
| Lovell et al. [149] |
+ EE (β, 0.618***) + D (β, 0.220***) − PA (β, − 0.124*) |
− D (β, − 0.171***) + PA (β, 0.172***) |
+ PA (β, 0.094*) |
2017 | |||||||
| Ntantana et al. [150] | + EE*** | − EE*** | 2017 | ||||||||
| Al Shbail et al. [151] |
− B (r, 0.382**) − EE (r, 0.335**) + rPA (r, 0.346**) |
− B (r, − 0.203*) − EE (r, − 0.171*) |
− B (r, − 0.219**) − EE (r, − 0.223**) − rPA (r, − 0.316**) |
+ B (β, 0.325**) + EE (β, 0.299**) |
+ rPA (β, − 0.236**) |
2018 | |||||
| Bergmüller et al. [152] |
+ B (T1; r, 0.24**) + B (T2; r, 0.29**) |
2018 | |||||||||
| Bianchi et al. [153] |
+ B (r, 0.589***) |
+ B (β, 0.219**) |
2018 | ||||||||
| Bianchi, [19] |
− EE (β, − 0.374**) − D (β, − 0.282*) |
− EE (β, − 0.261*) − D (β, − 0.440***) |
2018 | ||||||||
| Harizanova et al. [49] |
+ B (r, 0.63***) |
− B (r, − 0.33***) |
+ B (β, 0.40***) |
− B (β, − 0.11*) |
2018 | ||||||
| Hildenbrand et al. [58] |
+ B (r, 0.56*) |
− B (r, − 0.24*) |
+ B (β, 0.43***) |
− B (β, − 0.06***) |
2018 | ||||||
| Iorga et al. [154] |
+ EE (r, 0.266*) − PA (r, − 0.289*) |
+ PA (r, 0.458**) |
− D (r, − 0.272*) + PA (r, 0.374***) |
− D (r, − 0.318**) + PA (r, 0.257*) |
+ PA (r, 0.341**) |
+ PA (β, 0.480)† |
2018 | ||||
| Tang et al. [155] |
+ EE (r, 0.76**) + D (r, 0.59**) − PA (r, − 0.49**) |
− EE (r, − 0.45**) − D (r, − 0.41**) + PA (r, 0.55**) |
+ EE (β, 0.575**) + D (β, 0.514**) |
− EE (β, − 0.096*) − D (β, − 0.134**) |
2018 | ||||||
| Tatalović Vorkapić et al. [156] |
− D (r, − 0.24***) |
− D (r, − 0.19**) |
2018 | ||||||||
| Yao et al. [157] |
+ B (r, 0.35**) |
− B (r, − 0.23**) |
+ B (β, 0.587***) |
2018 | |||||||
| Zaninotto et al. [158] |
+ EE (r, 0.35**) + D (r, 0.30**) |
2018 | |||||||||
| Bahadori et al. [159] |
− B (r, − 0.275**) |
− B (r, − 0.034**) |
− B (r, − 0.260**) |
− B (r, − 0.283**) |
− B (r, − 0.187**) |
− B (M1; β, − 0.388**; M2; β, − 0.142*) |
− B (M1; β, − 0.359**; M2; β, − 0.523*) |
− B (M1; β, − 0.310**; M2; β, − 0.092*) |
2019 | ||
| Brown et al. [160] |
− EEf (r, − 0.380**) − EEs (r, − 0.321**) − Df (r, − 0.126*) − rPAf (r, − 0.370**) − rPAs (r, − 0.428**) |
− EEf (r, − 0.162**) + rPAf (r, 0.246**) + rPAs (r, 0.490**) |
+ EEf (r, 0.162**) + EEs (r, 0.129*) − Ds (r, − 0.265**) + rPAf (r, 0.119*) |
+ rPAf (r, 0.162**) + rPAs (r, 0.394**) |
+ Df (r, 0.185**) + rPAf (r, 0.162**) + rPAs (r, 0.326**) |
− B (β, − 0.66***) |
− B (β, − 0.31***) |
− B (β, − 0.284***) |
2019 | ||
| Castillo− Gualda et al. [62] |
+ B (r, 0.36**) |
2019 | |||||||||
| De la Fuente− Solana et al. [161] |
+ EE (β, 0.092**) |
− D (β, − 0.187***) − PA (β, − 0.164**) |
2019 | ||||||||
| De Looff et al. [55] |
+ B (r, 0.20***) |
− B (r, − 0.14***) |
− B (r, − 0.15***) |
− B (r, − 0.20***) |
− B (r, − 0.18***) |
2019 | |||||
| Farfán et al. [162] |
+ B (r, 0.42**) |
− B (r, − 0.26**) |
+ B (M4; β, 0.16**; M5; β, 0.16*) |
2019 | |||||||
| Khedhaouria et al. [163] |
+ EE (r, 0.353**) + D (r, 0.303**) − PA (r, − 0.376**) |
2019 | |||||||||
| Pérez− Fuentes et al. [17] |
+ EE (r, 0.59***) + D (r, 0.42**) − PA (r, − 0.39**) |
− D (r, − 0.40**) + PA (r, 0.35*) |
− D (r, − 0.32*) + PA (r, 0.36*) |
2019 | |||||||
| Ye et al. [164] |
Study 1: + EE (r, 0.43***) + D (r, 0.23***) − rPA (r, − 0.25***) Study 2: + EE (T1) (r, 0.34**) − EE (T2) (r, 0.32*) + D (T1) (r, 0.28*) − PA (T1) (r, − 0.40**) − PA (T2) (r, − 0.29*) |
Study 1: − EE (r, − 0.23***) − D (r, − 0.16*) + rPA (r, 0.32***) Study 2: + PA (T1) (r, 0.29*) |
Study 1: − EE (r, − 0.31***) − D (r, − 0.43***) (r, − 0.40**) + rPA (r, 0.51***) Study 2: − EE (T2) (r, − 0.38**) − D (T1) (r, − 0.39**) + PA (T1) (r, 0.36***) + PA (T2) (r, 0.27*) |
Study 1: − EE (r, − 0.20**) − D (r, − 0.35***) + rPA (r, 0.38***) |
Study 1: − D (r, − 0.23***) + rPA (r, 0.44***) |
Study 1: + EE (β, 0.62***) + D (β, 0.18*) − PA (β, − 0.16*) |
Study 1: − EE (β, − 0.32*) − D (β, − 0.39**) + PA (β, 0.46***) Study 2: − EE (β, − 0.49*) − D (β, − 0.48*) |
Study 1: − D (β, − 0.22*) + PA (β, 0.22*) |
Study 1: + PA (β, 0.43***) |
2019 | |
| Banasiewicz et al. [165] |
− EE (r, − 0.19**) |
− EE (r, − 0.18**) |
− EE (r, − 0.17**) |
− EE (M1; β, − 0.15*; M2; β, − 0.16**; M3; β, − 0.14*; M4; β, − 0.14*) |
2020 | ||||||
| Bhowmick et al. [166] |
− B (r, − 0.250**) |
− B (r, − 0.167**) |
− B (r, − 0.231**) |
− B (β, − 0.33*) |
− B (β, − 0.45*) |
2020 | |||||
| De Vine et al. [167] |
+ EE (r, 0.418*) + C (r, 0.287*) − PA (r, − 0.208*) |
− EE (r, − 0.278*) + C (r, 0.291*) + PA (r, 0.274*) |
− EE (r, − 0.303*) − C (r, − 0.250*) + PA (r, 0.275*) |
− EE (r, − 0.265*) − C (r, − 0.170*) + PA (r, 0.274*) |
+ EE (β, 0.365***) + C (β, 0.196*) |
+ EE (β, 0.220**) + C (β, 0.222*) |
+ PA (β, 0.221**) |
+ EE (β, − 0.193*) |
2020 | ||
| Dionigi, [168] |
+ B (r, 0.285***) |
− B (r, − 0.180***) |
− B (r, − 0.353***) |
− B (r, − 0.355***) |
+ B (β, 0.215***) |
− B (β, − 0.300***) |
2020 | ||||
| Farfán et al. [169] |
− EE (r, − 0.209**) |
− EE (r, − 0.239**) |
+ EE*** | − EE*** | 2020 | ||||||
| Liu et al. [170] |
+ EE (r, 0.28**) − PA (r, − 0.17*) |
+ PA (r, 0.24**) |
+ PA (r, 0.26**) |
− EE (r, − 0.20*) + PA (r, 0.38**) |
+ PA (r, 0.21**) |
+ EE (β, 0.24*) |
+ PA (β, 0.31***) |
2020 | |||
| Mahoney et al. [171] |
+ EE (r, 0.16*) |
− EE (r, − 0.23**) − D (r, − 0.34**) + PA (r, 0.27**) |
− EE (r, − 0.37**) − D (r, − 0.43**) + PA (r, − 0.23**) |
− EE (β, 0.362**) − D (β, 0.362**) |
2020 | ||||||
| Malka et al. [172] |
+ EE (S1) (r, 0.343***) + EE (S2) (r, 0.331***) |
2020 | |||||||||
| Tasic et al. [173] |
+ B (r, 0.452***) |
− B (r, − 0.202*) |
2020 | ||||||||
| Bianchi et al. [174] |
+ B (S1; r, 0.552***) (S2; r, 0.562***) (S3; r, 0.642***) |
+ B (S1; β, 0.373***; S2, β, 0.318***; S3, β, 0.409***) |
2021 | ||||||||
| Fuente-Solana et al. [175] |
+ EE (r, 0.610**) + D (r, 0.372**) − PA (r, − 0.285**) |
− EE (r, − 0.407**) − D (r, − 0.351**) + PA (r, 0.422**) |
− EE (r, − 0.276**) − D (r, − 0.439**) + PA (r, 0.269***) |
− EE (r, − 0.318**) − D (r, − 0.441**) + PA (r, 0.497**) |
+ PA (r, 0.280**) |
+ EE (β, 0.350***) |
+ PA (β, 0.268**) |
− D (β, − 0.305**) |
− D (β, − 0.236*) + PA (β, 0.391***) |
2021 | |
| Fuente–Solanaet al. [176] |
+ EE (r, 0.565**) + D (r, 0.432**) − PA (r, − 0.270**) |
− EE (r, − 0.304**) − D (r, − 0.199***) + PA (r, 0.419**) |
− EE (r, − 0.323**) − D (r, − 0.377**) + PA (r, 0.332**) |
− EE (r, − 0.290**) − D (r, − 0.309**) + PA (r, 0.371**) |
+ PA (r, 0.407**) |
+ EE (β, 0.250**) + D (β, 0.324***) |
− D (β, − 0.242**) + PA (β, 0.205**) |
+ PA (β, 0.324***) |
2021 | ||
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05†, significant value, but the degree of significance is not reported in the original paper; -, negative; + , positive; B, Burnout; C, Cynicism; D, Depersonalization; EE, Emotional Exhaustion; f, frequency; PA, Personal/Professional Accomplishment; rPA, Reduced Personal or Professional Accomplishment; s, severity; S1, Sample 1; S2, Sample 2; S3, Sample 3; St, Step; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; T4, Time 4. When the index of r or β is not reported, it means that it was not present in the original paper
r < 0.19, very weak; 0.20–0.39, weak; 0.40–0.59, moderate; 0.60–0.79 strong; > 0.80, very strong correlation [205]