Table 4.
Demographic, clinical, and serological characteristics of patients with CLD infected and noninfected with COVID-19 between two-dose vaccination (T2) and 6 months (T3).
| Noninfected patients (n = 135) | SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 29) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics | |||
| Age | 57.0 (52.0–64.0) | 58.0 (54.0–65.0) | n.s. |
| Male | 75 (55.6) | 18 (62.1) | n.s. |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 127 (94.1) | 27 (93.1) | n.s. |
| Asian | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| African | 1 (0.7) | 1 (3.4) | |
| Other | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Not reported | 1 (0.7) | 1 (3.4) | |
| Weight | 75.0 (64.0–86.0) | 82.7 (70.5–95.4) | <0.05 |
| Height | 168.0 (162.0–175.0) | 174.0 (168.5–180.5) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (23.1–29.8) | 27.3 (24.7–32.2) | n.s. |
| Aetiology of liver disease | |||
| Viral hepatitis | 64 (47.4) | 14 (48.3) | n.s. |
| Autoimmune and/or cholestatic liver disease | 19 (14.1) | 2 (6.9) | n.s. |
| Metabolic related fatty liver disease | 57 (42.2) | 15 (51.7) | n.s. |
| Hereditary liver disease | 4 (3.0) | 1 (3.4) | n.s. |
| Cryptogenic liver disease | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | n.s. |
| Pharmacotherapy | |||
| Immunosuppressive treatment | 10 (7.4) | 1 (3.4) | n.s. |
| Antiviral therapy | 16 (11.9) | 4 (13.8) | n.s. |
| Metabolic therapy | 45 (33.3) | 13 (44.8) | n.s. |
| Stage of liver disease | |||
| F3–F4 | 90 (66.7) | 23 (79.3) | n.s. |
| Cirrhosis | 87 (64.4) | 20 (69.0) | n.s. |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 7 (5.2) | 4 (13.8) | n.s. |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 32 (23.7) | 9 (31.0) | n.s. |
| Arterial hypertension | 43 (31.9) | 10 (34.5) | n.s. |
| Obesity | 28 (20.7) | 7 (24.1) | n.s. |
| Hypertriglyceridaemia | 9 (6.7) | 2 (6.9) | n.s. |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 25 (18.5) | 6 (20.7) | n.s. |
| Renal insufficiency | 1 (0.7) | 2 (6.9) | <0.05 |
| Asthma | 4 (3.0) | 2 (6.9) | n.s. |
| Heart/cardiovascular disease | 16 (11.9) | 4 (13.3) | n.s. |
| Smoking | 13 (9.6) | 3 (10.3) | n.s. |
| Other | 28 (20.7) | 10 (34.5) | n.s. |
| Vaccine type | |||
| mRNA-1273 | 25 (18.5) | 8 (27.6) | n.s. |
| ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | 18 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| BNT162b2 | 92 (68.1) | 21 (72.4) | |
| Response to vaccine at T2 | |||
| Low response | 65 (48.1) | 17 (58.6) | n.s. |
| Negative serologic response | 7 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | n.s. |
| Antibody titre at T2 | |||
| IgG Wuhan-Hu-1 (nM) | 390.1 (127.0–649.1) | 408.0 (267.5–643.5) | n.s. |
| IgG B.1.617 (nM) | 241.9 (76.8–390.6) | 286.7 (188.7–428.2) | n.s. |
| IgG B.1.1.529 (nM) | 103.1 (38.3–188.6) | 94.4 (60.3–204.5) | n.s. |
Data are displayed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. The Mann–Whitney test and Fishers’ exact test were used to compare quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. A value of p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Viral hepatitis (hepatitis B [17%], C [31.9%], and/or E [0.7%]); autoimmune and/or cholestatic liver disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis [1.5%], primary biliary cholangitis [6.7%], and/or autoimmune hepatitis [6.7%]); metabolic related fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [20.7%] and/or heavy alcohol consumption [25.2%]); hereditary liver disease (Wilson disease [1.5%], haemochromatosis [0.7%], and polycystic liver disease [0.7%]); cryptogenic liver disease (0.7%); immunosuppressive treatment (prednisone [5.2%], mycophenolate mofetil [1.5%], azathioprine [3.7%], and/or other [1.5%]); antiviral therapy (tenofovir [4.4%], entecavir [5.2%], interferon [0.7%], and/or other [0.7%]); metabolic therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid [10.4%], obeticholic acid [2.2%], fibrates [3%], metformin [11.9%], GLP-1 agonists [0.7%], insulin [8.9%], statins [11.1%], and/or other [8.2%]). CLD, chronic liver disease.